Rueda Family Genealogy, Edited 2026

Important Note: The original version of the Rueda family history blog post was flagged for removal in February 2026. To make sure descendants of Colombia around the world do not lose access to their history, here is an edited and condensed version of that original page. 

It's hard to tell what was wrong with the original page. If it was length, then this is abridged. Several conquistadors' biographies were cut, but you can easily find them via Google and other sources. If it was the descriptions of the colonial conquest of Latin America or the Transatlantic slave trade, how do you describe those horrific events in our history without using "insensitive" language? I hope the original version of this page can be restored. 

Un abrazo de tu primo, 
~ Edward A. Rueda

Haga clic aquí para ver una traducción automática en español. 

INDIGENOUS GUANE ROOTS OF SANTANDER, COLOMBIA & THE CACIQUE GUANENTÁ

Muisca gold diadem at the "Thought and Splendour of Indigenous Colombia" exhibit, Montreal Museum of Fine Art, 2023

Our deepest roots in Colombia stretch back thousands of years through our Indigenous ancestors, and it's important to remember their achievements and legacy. The Guane Indians settled in the highlands of Santander and had an advanced civilization dating back to at least the 8th century AD that specialized in weaving textiles and baskets, ceramics, and agriculture. They lived in 31 affiliated chiefdoms ruled by caciques, all under the rule of the main cacique who lived in the heights of Xérira (now Mesa de los Santos). However, some modern archaeologists say that Socorro, San Gil, Oiba, Charalá, and other areas were not part of Guane territory, but belonged to lesser-known tribes.

The Guane mummified their dead and buried them deep in caves, painted and carved pictographs, created their own solar and lunar calendar, and gathered queen Atta laevigata ants as they emerged every March and April to roast and eat. This last tradition continues in Santander to this day, and the locals call these deliciously crunchy ants with large abdomens hormigas culonas, meaning "big-ass ants." 

Mitochondrial DNA from Guane mummies has revealed a wide variety of maternal origins — 9 haplogroups among 17 individuals -- with 35% from Haplogroup A, 41% from Haplogroup B, and 24% from Haplogroup D. Scientists think this high genetic variety came from two migration waves. An older Indigenous group that brought Haplogroup B to the region was followed by Chibchan-speakers from Central America who brought Haplogroup A. The Guane then traded and interbred with surrounding communities, like the Muisca (Chibcha) from the nearby Altiplano Cundiboyacense.  

Guane stamps for textile designs (Source: Museo Precolombino Zapatoca) 

Amazingly, a large number of santandereanos could claim descent from the Cacique Guanentá, the supreme ruler of the 16th-century Guane, according to an account left behind by a descendant, the priest Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta (c.1634-1698). Check out my detailed discussion of Antonio's surviving manuscript from 1696, Tratado de astronomía y la reformación del tiempo (Treatise on Astronomy and Reforming Time), which was the first book on astronomy written in Colombia, and can be read online on the Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia's website!

Biblical astronomy: Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta's diagram predicting how the celestial spheres will lock in place for eternity during the Last Judgment, c.1690s. (Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia)

Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta took the cacique's name as a surname, and took unusual pride in being a direct matrilineal descendant: "...[C]hance has placed me in the family and blood of the Indians who reigned in these kingdoms before the most felicitous empire of your Royal Service crowned them. Because my mother, Isabel Gómez Pavón Guanienta, is the great-great-granddaughter of Doña Juana Páche Guanienta, daughter of Guanienta Déyroré Ororí, the highest Monarch that was in this New Kingdom [of Granada, a.ka. Colombia]. His name meant 'Great Lord Cacique, Grand Monarch, Golden Head.'"

Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta also gives a brief description of the conquest of the Guane by the Spanish in 1540: "At the time of the Conquests (being Emperor, King, and Lord of more than one hundred Caciques, Kings, or Lords), ... [Guanentá] left his palace in haste on the shoulders of his vassals (as he was accustomed to being carried) in a golden chair and with a golden crown. The Inca King of Cuzco, who was already close to conquering the entire new world under his dominion, [was] in what is now called Popayán, a little over 150 leagues away. Of [Guanentá's] palace, the four corners of carved and solid marble remain to this day at the site we call the Quebrada de los Santos..."

In contrast to later accounts which say Guanentá died in battle, Antonio wrote that Guanentá ended his own life in his palace after hearing of the Guane military defeat, "and since death overtook him before they dominated him, he died without the merit of baptism. His children, Don Andrés Déyroré Ororí and the aforementioned Doña Juana Páche, were found alive and they were the first Christian caciques…"

Yet this mestizo priest could still act like a greedy Spaniard: Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta wrote this account to back his family's claim as legitimate rulers of the Guane. That would allow Antonio, "by right of my maternal line," to loot Guanentá's supposed "treasure of gold that has been hidden here since the conquests... This belonged to my ancestor Guanienta, ... with which he ordered his burial in a vault, the location of which the Indians have hidden from us, judging that we would profit from it without rewarding them." It reminds me of the severe criticism of modern civilization by the Kogi people in Colombia's Sierra Nevada Mountains, who take particular offense to huaqueros (grave looters) robbing their intentionally buried ancestral gold and pottery.

Guanentá's gold, if it existed, still remains undiscovered, but his descendants are legion: the younger sister of Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta, Cecilia González de Cozar, married Alonso Sarmiento de Olvera, and their daughter, Cecilia Sarmiento, married Bernardo de Rueda Sarmiento, a founder of San Gil and forefather of most of the regional Rueda family. I'll get into the full genealogy further down.

My patrilineal link to the matrilineal line of descent from the Cacique Guanentá

This family story may be somewhat preserved in the memoir of Aquileo Parra Gómez, Colombia's president from 1876 to 1878. Parra said his mother told him as a child that her great-grandfather Rueda married the daughter of a Guane cacique. His aunt also overheard the story and made a face of disgust. While this story does not match Parra's great-great-grandfather, that ancestor [Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento] is the son of Bernardo de Rueda Sarmiento, who married the direct matrilineal descendant of the Cacique Guanentá.

Perhaps Guanentá did not have a stockpile of gold, since the pre-conquest Guane did very little mining and metalwork. Once conquistadors found gold in the local rivers in 1551, they forced many of the Guane to relocate and work in large-scale mining, alongside other tribes of Indians, enslaved Africans, and mestizos. The slave labor, paired with malnutrition and a major smallpox epidemic in 1558, caused the Guane population to collapse. By 1561, the Vélez authorities were investigating claims of mistreatment of Indians, including the accusation that the local Indian population was only a tenth of what it was a decade before. 

As Guane men died from hard slave labor, Guane women increasingly became servants to Spanish and creole settlers and bore their mestizo children. The Spanish praised Guanes' relatively pale skin as being "caucasoid," a description that still gets used today even when the anthropological evidence suggests otherwise. Colonial writers also marveled at how quickly the exploited Guane were willing to assimilate. Juan de Castellanos's often cited description of the Guane calls them a "white, clean, curious people," and notes of female Guane servants: "it is a marvel how [quickly] they take on the Castilian language, so well articulated the words, as if they came to them by inheritance." Yet the nimble adoption of Spanish customs did not translate into opportunities.  

As the area's gold production declined from 80,000 pesos a year in the 1610s to just 2,000 pesos in 1634-1635, the Guane were forced onto arbitraty resguardos (reservations) in 1627 and increasingly marginalized. Spanish, creole, and mestizo settlers like my Rueda and Sarmiento ancestors occupied the stolen land, and carved up the outskirts of Vélez into more and more towns and parishes. While the number of assimilated mestizo descendants of the Guane (like the priest Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta) increased, the Guane Indian population fell so low by the late 1700s that the reservations were consolidated. The Guane language, which had been in decline since the early 1600s, received its death blow in 1770, when the Spanish crown forbade the teaching of Indigenous languages. The last census of the Guane in 1810 found only 1,824 Indians in five settlements, compared to an estimated 300,000 Indians in 1540, the time of Spanish conquest. 

After Colombia gained its independence from Spain, the reservations were disbanded, all common lands ended up in private hands, and most of the remaining Guane dispersed and assimilated. Only after the rediscovery of the Mesa de los Santos site in 1939 did Colombian archeologists start to seriously study the ancient pictographs, artifacts, and Guane mummies found in caves. To this day, a small community of Guane in Butaregua, near Barichara, still practices ancestral customs and culture.

Santander's strongest cultural tie to the Guane Indians, the harvesting of hormigas culonas, is the subject of my favorite quote about Santandereanos. As famed naturalist José Celestino Mutis observed ants in 1777, he noted in his diary: “I have not yet been able to see the arriera-winged mothers to verify if these will be the ones that some Indians very much like to fry, as do the Americanos [Spanish colonists] of a few towns like Barichara. These people are scornfully nicknamed comehormigas [ant-eaters].” [Translation from Kingdom of Ants (2010) by Edward O. Wilson and José Gómez Durán] 

And now, here is the genealogical nitty-gritty of my own "ant-eaters."

THE RUEDA FAMILY'S Y-CHROMOSOME

I took a genetic test of my Y-chromosome's DNA and learned that my patrilineal ancestors and I belong to Haplogroup R-CTS4065, also known as R-Z2355, R-S1221, or its long-winded name, R1b1a1a2a1a2a1a1a2. This is a subclade of the P312 subclade of the R1b haplogroup, and the gobbledygook of letters actually provides clarity to my paternal prehistoric history. 

Various Rueda signatures through the centuries (top to bottom):

Alonso de Rueda Rosales (1673)

Bernardo de Rueda Sarmiento (1698)

Alonso de Rueda Sarmiento (1720)

Bernardo de Rueda Ortíz (1753)

Pablo de Rueda García (1762)

Martiniano de Rueda Serrano (1809) 

Ruperto Rueda León (1889)

Eufemiano Rueda Pérez (1894)
Rito Rueda Rueda Sr. (1939)

What all that means is that my distant male ancestor left East Africa for the Middle East between 70,000 to 60,000 years ago, presumably to escape droughts. He and his male descendants were nomadic hunter-gatherers who stayed in Southwest Asia until around 45,000 years ago, when my direct male ancestor was living in South Asia. His male descendants in turn were living in the steppes of Central Asia by around 35,000 to 30,000 years ago. My last common direct male ancestors with Native Americans lived around this time. 

Between 22,000 to 17,000 years ago, my direct male ancestor had returned to South or West Asia and gave his male descendants the "M343" mutation, the tell-tale sign of the R1b haplogroup. This R1b haplogroup is made up of a large number of male lineages, as branches (or "subclades") roamed the Eurasian grasslands between Central Europe and Korea, and eventually reached Western Europe and Africa. According to National Geographic's Genographic Project, about 55% of Western European men, 21% of Eastern European men, 43% of Central Asian men, 6% of West Asian men, and 5% of South Asian men belong to the R1b haplogroup. 

Unfortunately, some people have been misled by the prevalence of R1b in Europe, and called it a "European" haplogroup, or even worse, a "white" haplogroup. The simple fact is that R1b arose in South Asia or West Asia in a time before our modern racial differences or geographic regions meant anything. My forefather who founded my P312 subclade lived between 14,000 to 5,500 years ago in West Asia. His many male descendants are believed to have been among the proto-Indo-Europeans who spread from north of the Black Sea around 4000 BC (considered by many to be part of the "Yamna culture"). One branch became the "proto-Celts" in Spain by 2000 BC. National Geographic's Genographic Project says this P312 subclade accounts for about 1-2% of men in Lebanon, Iraq, and Kazakhstan, about 16% of men in France, and about 15-17% of men in Spain and Portugal. 

It's interesting to note that this wave of nomadic settlers brought the wheel ("rueda" in Spanish), domesticated horses, and the use of bronze to western Europe. Once in Iberia, the proto-Indo-Europeans had families with descendants of the area's original Ice Age hunter-gatherers and the Neolithic farmers from the Levant who reached Spain around 8,000 years ago, forming the pre-Roman peoples of Iberia. Today, the average Spaniard's genetic legacy is about 50% Neolithic farmer, 30% proto-Indo-European, and 20% Ice Age hunter-gatherer, according to paleogeneticist Carles Lalueza-Fox. A 2019 study has further detailed the Iberian peninsula's genomic history over the last 8,000 years. 

A 2017 genetic study suggests that my direct parental line has lived in Spain for more than 4,000 years. The DF27 mutation originated around 2200 BC in northeast Iberia, the Z220 mutation originated around 1300 BC in north-central Iberia (the eventual land of the Celts), and my personal haplogroup of R-CTS4065 arose sometime after that. 

This "Iberian" paternal line spread throughout Western Europe over 3,000 years. According to FamilyTreeDNA, notables who happen to share the same Y-chromosomal haplogroup R-CTS4065 include the famed U.S. writer Washington Irving (1783-1859), the two U.S. Presidents George Bush I (1924-2018) and George Bush II (b.1946), astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), the Venezuelan-born Cuban general Antonio Maceo (1845-1896), the former world's oldest man Juan Vicente Pérez Mora of Venezuela (1909-2024), English pirate "Black Sam" Bellamy (1689-1717), and mummified Swedish bishop Peder Winstrup (1605-1679). 23andMe lists 9 surnames where 1%-2% of men in the databse with that name belong to this haplogroup: Rivera, Clark, Yarbrough, Smith, Navarro, Duke, Barker, Rodríguez, Gay. Once again, R1b and R-CTS4065 are not themselves special haplogroups, it's just interesting to see how genes flowed through Europe and then the world over millennia.

Presumably during the Reconquista, my patrilineal ancestors took part in the Christian resettlement of Andalucía, which of course that does not negate my Spanish ancestors' likely diversity: Iberian, North African, Jewish, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean. My earliest known direct male ancestor is Alonso de Rueda (fl. c.1550), who lived in Priego de Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain. Alonso's son, Cristóbal de Rueda (c.1569-1610), was the founder of my Colombian family, as mentioned in my previous blog entry. 

Cristóbal de Rueda's younger sons, Cristóbal and Alonso de Rueda Rosales, were born in Tunja, Colombia and joined a small group of creoles and mestizos and enslaved people who founded frontier towns in the Santander region in the 1600s. This area was officially part of the Province of Tunja until 1795, then was called the Province of Socorro until 1857, when it was renamed in honor of President Francisco de Paula Santander. The inhabitants of this beautiful, mountainous, and remote region become known for "gritty, self-made prosperity, and a certain ungovernability," to quote historian Richard Stoller. 

My first visit to El Cañón del Chicamocha, 2015.

Both Stoller and novelist Enrique Serrano note that the origins of Santander's settlers are largely obscure. Serrano calls the Santanderano heritage "a form of hispanidad, whose roots have not been traced with sufficiency or precision." He suspects this lack of information is deliberate, and that oftentimes settlers representing many forms of mestizaje, including recently converted Jewish and Muslim roots, wanted to escape the Inquisition of Cartagena and the officials of Tunja and Vélez.

Cristóbal de Rueda faced legal trouble during the turn of the 17th cenutry in Tunja. At least one prominent Santandereano surname, Silva, appears in Cartagena's Inquisition records of the time. When a crown official visited Juan Sarmiento's hacienda in 1638, he sneered that there was a "much greater amount of male and female Indians and riff-raff [mucha mas cantidad de indios e indias y chusma]." Stoller quotes another Spanish crown inspector who wrote in 1699 that Santander was "the refuge for all the criminals and delinquents that this kingdom had, and they lived with little fear of God or of the judges in Vélez... and the delinquents continued in their liberty and damnation." Santandereano leadership in the Comuneros rebellion of 1781 and many subsequent civil wars morphed the area's reputation for lawlessness into that of a fierce love of independence. 

Over time, Santandereanos and the regional historians tended to tell self-aggrandizing stories of their "noble" and "pure Castilian" heritage rather than investigate their multicultural history. My grandfather's book includes the ridiculous local lore that the heart of Don Quixote was said to be buried in San Gil. The Conde de Cuchicute, Don José María de Rueda y Gómez (1871-1945) was an extreme embodiment of this absurdity, as he created a fable of his nobility to match his feudal-style rule over a vast hacienda in Curití. 

14 GENERATIONS (give or take) OF SANTANDEREANOS

 

The 1636 baptism of Ana Rueda Sarmiento, the daughter of Cristóbal de Rueda Rosales and granddaughter of the Spanish migrant Cristóbal de Rueda. Fray Alonso Ortíz Galeano was the officiant.

First Generation Note: The first few generations rely heavily on "Las genealogías del Nuevo Reino de Granada" by the 17th-century genealogist Juan Flórez de Ocáriz. His first volume has information on Martín Galeano's family and the Ortíz Galeano and Gorraiz families and his second volume has information on the families of Francisca Inga and Francisco Fernández de Contreras, and the Gutiérrez de Aponte, Poveda, Rueda, and Sarmiento families. 

These families took part in conquest and genocide (which Flórez de Ocáriz euphemistically calls "pacifications") alongside Colombia's first colonists and made their fortunes off of "encomiendas," the practice that gave colonists entire Indian communities to enslave and exploit, mine the earth, pan the rivers for gold, and till the fields. In 1561, several of my direct ancestors in Vélez, Colombia were accused of displacing the local Indians and even using them as beasts of burden. 

For a broader picture, Flórez de Ocáriz's enthusiasm should be tempered with "The Destruction of the Indies" by the sensitive 16th-century historian Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, "The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada" by José Ignacio Avellaneda Navas, and "Invading Colombia" by J. Michael Francis.

~ Silvestre López (born early 1500s; died 1578 in Tunja, Colombia) was born in Alburquerque, Extremadura, Spain to Lope Váez and María Hernández, who were from the nearby town of Valencia de Alcántara. It's interesting that Silvestre had a truly patronymic last name. Silvestre is said to have been among the founders of Villa de Leyva, but he also owned property in Tunja. His 1578 testament lists his houses, land, and flocks of livestock. Amazingly, that testament and a 1579 lawsuit over the inheritance and custody of his illegitimate son, Francisco, have been digitized by the Archivo Biblioteca Catálogo de Neogranadina.

~ Silvestre married Beatriz Pérez, and their children included:  

1. María López (born c.1552 in Alburquerque, Spain; died c.1611 in Tunja), the mother-in-law of the Spanish migrant Cristóbal de Rueda, whose family continues below.

2. Isabel López, who married Luis de Manjarrés, probably a close relative of the conquistador namesake who served as governor of Santa Marta.

~ Silvestre also had an illegitimate mestizo son with Juana India, his Indigenous servant:

3. Francisco López (born c.1570 in Tunja)

Signature of Silvestre López (1578)

The beginning of Silvestre López's 1578 testament, listing his parents and hometown.

The castle overlooking the town of Alburquerque

Valencia de Alcántara (TurismoExtremadura.com)

~ Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano (born c.1510 in Villafranca de los Barros, Badajoz, Extremadura; died 1583 in Tunja, Colombia), if you take his word for it, is the man you should thank, or blame, for the Spanish conquest of Colombia. He was a veteran of the expedition of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, and one of the 170-ish Spaniards who defeated the Muisca empire, raided its treasure, and came the closest to stealing the legendary riches of El Dorado. But the first nine months of that expedition, April to December 1536, were a disastrous, upstream crawl along the Magdalena River, from Santa Marta to La Tora (now Barrancabermeja). Tropical disease had reduced Jiménez de Quesada's Spaniards from 800 to about 200 (the number of accompanying Africans and Indians are unknown), and Bartolomé Camacho testified that "the road that they were on was in uninhabitable mountains and they sustained themselves with snakes, lizards, and other vermin." But that's when Bartolomé claimed he turned it all around. 

~ In Bartolomé Camacho's probanzas, or testimonies about his military service, he said that he was on a final, desperate scouting mission led by Captain Juan de San Martín, when they spotted a couple of Indians on a boat. Bartolomé jumped into the river, swam with his sword in his teeth, reached the boat first, and overpowered the Indians. The starving conquistadors were surprised to find the Indians had "mantas y panes de sal" -- finely woven cotton blankets and molded loaves of salt -- and that inspired them to head to the source of these goods: the Muisca confederation up in the highlands. Bartolomé's 1565 probanza grandiosely said his act of thuggery "was the principal cause of why they conquered the New Kingdom of Granada," and about 200 years after the fact, a distant descendant of Bartolomé boasted in

his hidalguía (case file on "nobility"): "Captain Bartolomé Camacho, with his customary valor and without fearing the caimans or the force of the currents, threw himself into the River in service of His Majesty, and crossing it, swimming to the other side, captured two Indians, who with the small boat and some provisions that were in it, he returned to where our people were; and this was the salvation of the soldiers." 

In 1584, Bartolomé Camacho's son Juan successfully petitioned for King Felipe II to issue a royal decree and monetary reward for Bartolomé's service with Jiménez de Quesada and many conquistadors thereafter. Flórez de Ocáriz transcribed the royal decree in the second volume of his Genealogías del Nuevo Reino de Granada, but added a note next to the story of Bartolomé swimming and capturing the boat: "It's uncertain because it's only rumored by some." J. Michael Francis notes that while other veterans of Jiménez de Quesada's expedition mentioned the story of discovering the mantas and salt, some said they found the goods in a village, and others claimed that they were the ones who first found them, not Bartolomé. Regardless of what actually happened, Bartolomé Camacho had a front-row seat to a civilizational collision that destroyed many ways of life and forged many others.

Cartoon by Antonio Caballero Holguín, via bibliotecanacional.gov.co

~ According to the historian Raimundo Rivas, Bartolomé Camacho was present at the two foundings of Bogotá (1538 and 1539), was one of the first settlers of Tunja (1539), invaded Neiva (1539), helped defeat the cacique of Tundama (1539), accompanied Hernán Pérez de Quesada on a foolhardy quest for a golden "Casa del Sol" and stumbled upon the mines of Pamplona (1540-1541), and fought against the rebellion of Lope de Aguirre (1560-1561). He was granted the encomiendas of Sativa, Venga, Chinatá, and Ocavita in 1543, and received tributes from their Indigenous inhabitants. Despite this, he claimed to be impoverished in his 1565 probanza and 1575 probanza. José Ignacio Avellaneda says that Bartolomé could not read and write, but he served multiple times as an alcalde (mayor) and regidor (councilman) of Tunja.

~ Bartolomé Camacho married Isabel Pérez de Cuellar, a fellow native of Villafranca de los Barros, in Tunja, and they had six children: 

1. Juan Camacho Zambrano

2. Esteban Camacho Zambrano

3. Elvira Zambrano

4. María Zambrano (died by 1585 in Tunja), who's technically the first wife of my ancestor Diego Rincón and not my director ancestor. Nevertheless, her family continues below.

5. Isabel Zambrano

6. Ana Zambrano

~ Bartolomé Camacho also had an illegitimate mestizo son:

7. Bartolomé Camacho, who was sent by his father to study in Spain. The Catálogo de pasajeros a Indias records the younger Bartolomé returning to the Nuevo Reino de Granada in 1567.

~ Captain Diego Ortíz Galeano (born c.1503 in Baeza, Andalucía, Spain; died c.1584 in Villa de Leiva, Boyacá, Colombia) entered the "Nuevo Reino de Granada" (Colombia) as part of the expedition of Nikolaus Federmann [aka Nicolás Federman] (1536-1539), which started with 300 Spaniards and ended with 160 ragged survivors descending from the chilly, unpopulated páramo ecosystem and happening by chance upon the new Spanish settlement of Bogotá in February 1539. Eyewitnesses quoted by historian J. Michael Francis noted of Federman's men: "They arrived completely lost and destroyed, ill, wearing [nothing but] deer skins," and "Any more hardships and surely they all would have perished." Diego then took part in the founding of Vélez, where he settled, served as alcalde (town magistrate) in 1558, and ruled over encomiendas that included the Indians of Ytierra, Misaque, Queregana, and Carahota, near Vélez. Avellaneda lists Diego's encomiendas as Carahota, Curgune, Nemizaque, and Quereguán. Amazingly, the 1589 probate case about Diego's estate was digitized and can be accessed online, via abcng.org.

Flórez de Ocáriz notes no relation between Diego Ortíz Galeano and the conquistador Martín Galeano (who was from Extremadura), but he does say that Diego was the son of Miguel Galeano and the great-great-grandson of Pedro García Galeano, who in 1429 won a court case in Baeza that determined he was an hijodalgo (of "noble" family). As a result, Pedro (a.k.a. Pero) did not have to pay the moneda forera, a cyclical tax that commoners gave to the king of Castilla y León. Nobles and clergy were exempt from this tax, and Pedro testified that his father and grandfather had also never paid the moneda forera. Even in the late 1600s, Pedro's descendants cited this case to demonstrate their "nobility." 

~ As for Diego, he never married and had an illegitimate daughter by an unnamed [probably Indian] woman:
1. Inés Ortíz Galeano, whose family continues below. 

Signature of Diego Ortíz Galeano (1560)

~ Pedro Hernández de Miranda, according to Flórez de Ocáriz, came from a "noble" family from Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. The Miranda family crest bears a serpent, as according to legend the progenitor of the Mirandas met a "doncella encantada" (enchanted maiden) who could turn into a snake, and he took from her a girl who eventually became his wife. This retells the myth of the "xana," female spirits who live in the wilds of Asturias, which in turn references Celtic mythology. The Miranda family crest also has the nude busts of five women, because a Miranda ancestor in the 9th century AD supposedly rescued five Asturian women who were sent to Córdoba to appease the Moors. 

Pedro de Miranda (a.k.a. Hernando de Miranda) first settled in Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, where he married Luisa Vázquez Clavijo, who was born on Tenerife, the largest of the Canary Islands. After his wife's death, Pedro accompanied Governor Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones to Vélez, Colombia in 1540. Pedro and Luisa had only one daughter:
1. Luisa Vázquez, whose family continues below.

~ Bartolomé Hernández Herreño (c.1502-1558), a.k.a. Bartolomé Herreño, came to the New World in 1530, probably as a settler of "Klein Venedig," the Welser banking family's attempted colony in Colombia/Venezuela. He was part of the disastrous final expedition of Ambrosio Alfinger (Ambrosius Ehinger), which ended with Alfinger's death in 1533. Bartolomé survived the hardship and returned to Colombia as part of the expedition of Nikolaus Federmann (1536-1539). He first settled in Vélez (founded 1539), explored the Río de Oro to the north, then settled in León de los Yariguíes (a.k.a. Franca de León, founded 1552), where he served as a chief justice. Bartolomé died alongside his grown son while fighting an Indian rebellion, as they were both hit with poisoned arrows. Bartolomé had at least another son with an unnamed [probably Indian] woman:

1. Francisco Sánchez Herreño, whose family continues below. 

Bartolomé Hernández Herreño's signature (1552)

~ Cristóbal de León Sanabria, an exploitative conquistador from Zafra, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain, settled in Tunja and his unnamed mestiza partner was the daughter of Anton de Neyla Rubio Garcés and his unnamed mestiza partner. Anton was said to be from Aragón and was descended from the kings of Navarra, according to Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta, although I have not verified that. Anton's partner was the daughter of the Cacica Juana Páche Guanienta and the conquistador Francisco de Murcia (c.1509-1574) and the granddaughter of the cacique Guanienta Déyroré Ororí, as discussed above. I talk more about this family history in my other blog. Murcia, who indeed was from Murcia, Spain, was also among the first settlers of Venezuela, joined the expedition of Nicolás Federman (1536-1539), and was present at the founding of Bogotá. According to historian José Ignacio Avellaneda, Murcia eventually settled in Vélez and exploited the encomiendas of Iroba, Guanentá, and Neacusa.

~ Cristóbal de León Sanabria and the unnamed mestiza had at least a daughter: 

1. Ana de Sanabria, whose family continues below.

~ Martín Sánchez de Cozar and María de la Cruz were residents of Villanueva de los Infantes, Ciudad Real, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. I only know about their existence from document transcriptions in El tribuno de 1810 by Adolfo León Gómez, which contains some errors. The children of Martín and María included:

1. Martín Sánchez de Cozar, whose family continues below.

~ Francisco de Montoya and María López were residents of Villanueva de los Infantes, Spain who only seem to be mentioned in El tribuno de 1810. Their children include:

1. Cecilia González (a.k.a. Cecilia de Montoya), whose family continues below.

Villanueva de los Infantes is a supposed inspiration for Don Quixote's hometown in La Mancha, which Cervantes famously had "no wish to recall." Today, the Plaza Mayor has statues of Don Quixote, Sancho Panza, and Quixote's horse, Rocinante. (source)

~ Alonso Ramírez de Arellano y Poveda (c.1515-after 1576?) was born in Villaescusa de Haro, Cuenca, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain to Juan de Poveda and María López. Flórez de Ocáriz said that Alonso's parental grandparents were Sebastián de Poveda and María Ramírez from Gordexola, Vizcaya, Spain. Alonso came to Colombia as part of the expedition of Nikolaus Federmann (1536-1539), settled in Vélez, and served as the city's alcalde (magistrate) in 1540 and 1549. He also ruled the nearby encomienda of Popoba. Fellow conquistador Luis Lanchero enlisted Alonso to help massacre the Muzo Indians and steal their land in 1559, allowing Lanchero to found the city of Muzo that same year. Alonso's brother, Benito López de Poveda, served as one of of Muzo's first regidores (aldermen). Flórez de Ocáriz claimed that Alonso drowned in a river during an expedition to El Dorado (maybe the one led by Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre?), but the historian Avellaneda found a 1576 document referring to a "Captain Poveda of Vélez, a very poor conquistador laden with children." Alonso de Poveda married Juana Franco, the niece of conquistador Martín Galeano, and had six legitimate children, including: 
1. María de Poveda, whose family continues below. 
2. Ana de Poveda
3. Captain Francisco de Poveda, who died while fighting the Yariguí Indians. 
4. Alonso de Poveda  

~ Martín Galeano (c.1505-1554?), an uncle of Juana Franco de Poveda, was one of the most ruthless and effective conquistadores of Colombia. Probably born in Valencia del Mombuey, Badajoz, Extremadura, Martín joined the army of Emperor Carlos V, fought in Italy under the command of General Antonio de Leyva, and probably took part in the Battle of Pavia (1525). By 1535 Martín was back in Spain, and the historian Avellaneda notes that Martín signed up on July 26 of that year to be part of Pedro de Mendoza's expedition to Río de la Plata. He is listed as the son of Juan Miguel Galeano and María Ruíz, residents of Valencia. However Martín chose not to join Mendoza and become a founder of Buenos Aires, and instead set sail with the armada of adelantado Pedro Fernández de Lugo, to become an eventual founder of Bogotá. Ten ships carrying between 1,000 to 1,200 passengers left Santa Cruz, Tenerife in the Canary Islands in November 1535 and arrived at Santa Marta with great fanfare on January 2, 1536. 

The 1535 passenger record of Martín Galeano

Lugo chose Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada to lead an expedition along the Magdalena River to duplicate Pizarro's successful pillaging of Peru, and Martín was among the 800 Spaniards and unknown number of enslaved Africans and Indians who began that journey on April 5, 1536. Tropical disease and death reduced the expedition to 179 Spaniards by December 1536. Blocks of salt and cotton blankets brought from the east by Indians convinced Jiménez de Quesada to leave the Magdalena River and climb into the Sierra de Opón (eastern Andes) to find a complex civilization to plunder.  
By March 1537 they had reached the realm of the Muiscas, headed by the chieftain Bacatá, whose village of the same name became the city of Bogotá and whose name eventually graced Colombia's tallest skyscraper. The Muisca nursed the Spaniards back to health but then hid the majority of their treasure when they realized the Spaniards' true intentions. The Spanish invaders' advantages of steel, guns, horses, and new diseases like smallpox quickly wore down Muisca resistance. Bacatá and other rulers like the cacique of Sogamoso abandoned their villages and fled into the mountains, and Bacatá's vast wealth (the now legendary "Gold of El Dorado") has not been located to this day. Quemuenchatocha, the zaque of Hunza and the second-most powerful Muisca lord, chose to fight the Spanish, but his troops quickly lost on August 20, 1537 and he was taken captive. The majority of gold and emeralds stolen by Jiménez de Quesada came from the subsequent looting of Hunza. In June 1538, the surviving 173 Spaniards (including Martín) got their official share of the loot: at least 510 pesos of fine gold, 57 pesos of gold alloy, and five emeralds. Jiménez de Quesada got nine of those shares, and Governor Lugo got 10 shares. 

The golden "Muisca raft," masterpiece of the Museo del Oro in Bogotá.

The Spaniards settled in the Muisca village of Bacatá and christened it "Santa Fe de Bogotá" on August 6, 1538. A major surprise came the following February, when the expeditions of Federman and Sebastián de Belalcázar arrived in the area within weeks of each other. With roughly 480 European treasure hunters now gathered in Bogotá, Jiménez de Quesada decided to "found" the city once more on April 27, 1539 and settle two more cities. The Muisca village of Hunza was officially "founded" and renamed Tunja on August 6, 1539. Jiménez de Quesada entrusted Martín Galeano with founding the third city. 
Martín Galeano traveled to the northernmost Muisca lands in what is now Santander Department, and chose the village of Ubasá to become his city of Vélez, which he "founded" on June 6, 1539. Martín traveled further north in 1540, into the realm of the Guanes, a civilization that interacted with the Muisca but spoke a language distinct from Chibcha, the Muisca language. During a systematic conquest of the Guane over the next three years, many caciques — Chalalá, Macaregua, Chanchón, and the powerful Guanentá — valiantly fought the Spanish and lost. The caciques' names live on in Santander's geography, and to this day santandereanos refer to themselves as "guanentinos," after the cacique who lived on the majestic outcrop of Jérira, now Mesa de los Santos.  
An accomplished administrator as well as a warrior, Martín Galeano owned the encomiendas of Chipatá, Guane, Guavatá, Orta, Saboyá, and Yacarebo, served as the chief justice of Vélez from 1539-1543 and 1546-1551, ran a store that sold goods from Spain, and even tried to build and operate a road to the nearby Carare River. But all this industry depended on slave labor, and starting in 1547 Martín faced legal trouble for the "innumerable deaths and cruelties that he [had] done to the Indians." The colonial court first assigned Martín to military service against the Muzo Indians, which seems like a strange punishment for the crime, but then his sentences worsened. In 1551, Martín lost his title of chief justice and was fined 100 pesos of fine gold, and then in 1554 was taken into custody, and forced onto a ship bound for Spain (for more details, read "La provincia de Guanentá: orígenes de sus poblamientos urbanos"). Most historians agree that Martín died as the ship was passing by the Bahamas.
Martín's only child, an illegitimate daughter named Marina Galeano, died childless, but his widow Isabel Juan de Arroyo had many descendants from her first marriage, including a great-great-great-granddaughter who married the genealogist Juan Flórez de Ocáriz. In "Las genealogías del Nuevo Reino de Granada," Flórez de Ocáriz gave Martín Galeano special treatment, placing the chapter on his family immediately after that of Jiménez de Quesada. While Flórez de Ocáriz did not even list Martín's parents, he claimed that Martín came from a "nobilísimo" family from Genova, Italy, and died of old age in Vélez. My grandfather, Rito Rueda Rueda, wrote that he viewed in Vélez the dilapidated house of Martín Galeano, which had outlasted its owner by four centuries. 

Martín Galeano's signature (1550)

~ Francisco Franco (born c.1522 in Palos de Moguer, Huelva, Andalucía) came to Colombia in 1543 as part of the expedition of Alonso Luis de Lugo and joined his elder brother Diego Franco in Vélez. A 1551 list of Vélez residents notes that Diego Franco owned his own horse, while Francisco only owned a crossbow. Francisco participated in several military campaigns against the Indians and was rewarded encomiendas in Simacotá, Oroco, Mencha, Cubatá, Tibacho, and Jagua. In 1552, Francisco joined an expedition that conquered and massacred the Yariguí Indians and founded the city of León de los Yariguíes (a.k.a. Franca de León). Francisco served as an alcalde (magistrate) for León in 1560 and for Vélez in 1561. Colonial officials later disbanded León because it was founded without proper authoritization, and Francisco's family then moved north to the Río del Oro, mining for gold in the area of what is now Lebrija, Santander, Colombia. Francisco married Angela Jiménez Galeano, the sister of conquistador Martín Galeano, in Vélez, and their children included: 
1. Captain Benito Franco de Velasco
2. Juana Franco, seen above, who married the conquistador Alonso de Poveda. 

Francisco Franco's signature (c.1572)

~ Francisca Inga was the daughter of a brother of the Inca emperor Huaina Capac (who reigned from 1493-1527). Her grandfather, Túpac Inca Yupanqui, reigned from 1471-1493, conquered the Chimú empire, and may have led a sea expedition to Easter Island. Her great-grandfather, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, reigned from 1438-1471 and established the empire of Tawantinsuyu ("Land of the Four Directions") through aggressive conquests. Pachacuti proclaimed himself the "son of the Sun," created many new religious rites, and composed sacred hymns in praise of the creator god Viracocha. Francisca's imperial ancestry traces back to her 9th-great-grandparents, the first Inca ruler Manco Cápac and his wife Mama Ocllo (c.1200), who were siblings and supposed children of Inti the sun god and Mama Quilla the moon goddess.
Francisca was taken from a palace in Cajamarca, Peru by Captain Juan Muñoz de Collantes (born 1501 in Granada, Andalucía, Spain), a member of Francisco Pizarro's expedition that arrived in Peru in 1531 and looted Cuzco in 1533. It's unclear whether Juan kidnapped Francisca, or whether she was escaping the Inca Atahualpa, who was waging civil war. Either way, Francisca became Juan's concubine and they had a daughter, Mencia. In 1540 or 1541, the three of them traveled from Peru to Bogotá, Colombia, following the path of conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar. The historian José Ignacio Avellaneda Navas notes that Francisca was "the person most directly connected with a royal house, of everyone who made the Nuevo Reino [Colombia] their homeland." Francisca settled in Bogotá and died a few years later in the nearby town of Tocaima, Cundinamarca, Colombia (established in 1544). 

Juan Muñoz de Collantes was the son of Francisco Muñoz, a squire for the captaincy of the 2nd Marquis of Mondejar, and Juana de Fuente. Besides his relationship with Francisca Inga, Juan also had a Spanish wife and another Indian mistress. He ruled over the encomienda of Chia near Bogotá, and served as Bogotá's regidor (alderman, 1543, 1554, 1555, 1559), alcalde (city magistrate, 1547, 1551, 1558), procurador (city spokesman, 1550), and the accountant of the New Kingdom of Granada (1554). Juan raised pigs and grew wheat and other crops, and in a 1548 document he requested to import six enslaved Africans to work his lands. I don't know how many African and Indian people were exploited by Juan, but there's no doubt he was a cruel master. Surviving court documents from 1553-1555 show Juan was accused of mistreating the Indians on his encomienda and ordering some of his Indian workers to steal crops from his neighbors.
~ Francisca Inga and Juan Muñoz de Collantes had one daughter:
1. Mencia de Collantes (born in Cuzco, Peru), whose family continues below.

Túpac Inca Yupanqui, the royal grandfather of Francisca Inga, from "El primer nueva crónica y buen gobierno" (c.1615) by Indigenous writer Guamán Poma.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, the royal great-grandfather of Francisca Inga, worshipping the sun god Inti at the Coricancha temple of Cusco, Peru, in the chronicles of Martín de Murúa.

~ Pedro Inga (1495?-1600), an Inca noble and the brother of Francisca Inga, took arms against the Spanish when they invaded Peru. Later, Pedro converted to Catholicism, accompanied his sister Francisca Inga and niece Mencia Collantes to Colombia, and settled in Bogotá. He married twice and had two daughters in Peru and two sons in Colombia. In a 1575 document, Pedro said that he was over 80 years old, a Christian, and did not know how to write. Pedro testified that he was with Captain Diego de Sandoval when he conquered Quito, Ecuador in 1533-1534, serving as a guard for his cousin Francisca Coya, a daughter of the great Inca Huaina Capac, and other daughters of caciques. It's possible these noblewomen were escaping the Inca Atahualpa, who waged civil war. Francisca Coya, who bore Sandoval a daughter, was given royal treatment in Quito, and Pedro remembered her being carried in a hammock when she left her home and how people threw down their cloaks before her when she walked. 

~ According to Flórez de Ocáriz, Pedro Inga was 116 years old when he died in 1600. Even if that age is exaggerated by 10 to 25 years, Pedro must have seemed like a lone remnant of a distantly departed world. 

Pedro Inga's name written by Francisco Velásquez, a Bogotá notary (1575). Pedro Inga did not know how to write.

Flórez de Ocáriz preserved the story of this Colombian branch of Inca genealogy, but we have to take him at his word if we view Francisca and Pedro Inga as literal siblings and the literal niece and nephew of the Inca Huaina Capac. Their exact origins, let alone their panaca, are obscure. The second volume of  Las genealogías del Nuevo Reino de Granada says: Juan Muñoz de Collantes sacó del Palacio de Caxama [Cajamarca?] del Gran Inga, Rey del Cuzco, Perú, a D. Francisca Inga, su sobrina, en quien tuvo el Juan Muñoz de Collantes hija a Mencia de Collantes, que con su madre trajo al Nuevo Reino de Granada cuando bajó a él con la demas gente del General D. Sebastián de Belalcázar, en cuyo ejército vinieron Indios y Indias del Perú, y entre ellos Pedro Inga, sobrino del Gran Inga, hermano de D. Francisca; y el año de 1600, en que testó tenía mas de 116 años de edad, resitiendo ser hombre de tomar armas cuando entraron en el Perú los primeros Españoles Conquistadores.

In his first volume, Flórez de Ocáriz claims that other brothers of Francisca and Pedro Inga also came to Colombia, including a mysterious royal, "Juan Cayo, el gran Inga." He lists the confusing family tree as: El Licenciado Juan Bautista Monzón, natural de Madrid, Visitador desta Real Chancillería... [tuvo] por hija natural a Juana Monzón en Angelina india hija de Pedro Inga, natural del Cuzco, sobrino del gran Inga, señor que fue de las Provincias del Perú, y del Pedro eran hermanos Juan Cayo, el gran Inga, por sucesor, que dejando a Cristóbal, su nieto, murió en Santafé. Y Alonso Inga, Padre de Francisco Anacona [Yanakuna], Diego y Juan; y el Pedro era hombre de pelea, y con dos hijos cuando los españoles ganaron el Cuzco, y luégo se bautizó; murió de más de ciento dieciséis años en el de 1600 en la ciudad de Santafé, adonde entró, y los otros hermanos y una hermana, con el Adelantado don Sebastián de Belalcázar el año de 1539; fue casado con Beatriz, india natural de Jaquijahuana, Provincia del Perú, de quien no tuvo hijos, y en mujer soltera, siéndolo él, hubo a Beatriz Nusta Angelina, ya nombrada, y a Antonia, casada con Francisco Anacona, su primo; y siendo casado el Pedro Inga, como lo fue más de cuarenta años, tuvo por hijos a Mateo y Pedro. 

Historian Max Deardroff clarifies the family tree in his 2023 book A Tale of Two Granadas: Four siblings — Pedro Inga, Francisca Inga, Alonso Inga, and Juan Cayo "el gran Inga" — came from Peru to Colombia. He also notes that Pedro's daughter, Beatriz Yusti, made a will in 1613 in Bogotá that confirms her father's title of "Inca," and a 1588 inventory in Tunja was made following the death of Diego Inga, Pedro's nephew.

~ Captain Pedro Gómez de Orozco (born c.1517 in Fuenteovejuna, Andalucía [or possibly Basque territory], Spain; died after 1583 [1601?] in Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia), an exploitative conquistador, married Isabel Domínguez (died 1604 in Pamplona) and had three children:

1. Pedro Gómez de Orozco Domínguez, whose family continues below

2. Gonzalo Gómez de Orozco Domínguez, whose family continues below. 

3. Brígida de Figueroa, who was the direct ancestor of repressive Venezuelan dictator Juan Vicente Gómez (1857-1935).

Signature of Pedro Gómez de Orozco (1583)

~ Captain Francisco Hernández, a.k.a. Francisco Fernández (born c.1526 in Pedroche, Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain), an exploitative conquistador, married Isabel de Rojas (born in Cuenca, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) and they had at least 9 children: 
1. Lorenzo Hernández
2. Francisco Hernández
3. Pedro Hernández
4. Ana de Rojas
5. María Hernández
6. Juan Hernández
7. Isabel de Rojas
8. Juana de Rojas, who married in 1583 in Pamplona. 
9. Francisca de Rojas (baptized January 1577 in Pamplona), whose family continues below.  

Signature of Francisco Hernández, founder of Ocaña

(Source: PedrocheEnLaRed.es)

~ Juan de Azcárraga and Francisca de Erostegui lived in Oñati, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. In a 1566 baptismal record, the father is referred to as "Juan de Ascarraga el mozo," implying that his father had the same name, but that is not definite. I wrote about how I learned about the Azcárraga family here. The children of Juan and Francisca included:

1. Juan de Azcárraga y Erostegui (baptized July 23, 1555 in Oñati, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; died c.1603 in Vélez, Colombia), whose family continues below.

2. María de Azcárraga y Erostegui (baptized 1556 in Oñati) 

3. Marina de Azcárraga y Erostegui (baptized 1561 in Oñati) 

4. Francisco de Azcárraga y Erostegui (baptized 1566 in Oñati) 

5. Sant Juan de Azcárraga y Erostegui (baptized 1567 in Oñati), who could possibly be my ancestor Juan, but other men in the town were known as "San Juan," so I assume this is a younger brother.

Oñati, Spain (source)

~ Francisco Sotomayor and Ana Tellez de Figueroa lived in Extremadura, Spain and their children included: 
1. Fernando Sotomayor, whose family continues below.  

~ Alonso Garzón de Tahuste and María de Aguilar were presumably born in Spain and settled in Timaná, Huila, Colombia. Flórez de Ocáriz includes the poignant fact that they were married for over 50 years, at a time when the average life expectancy was about 35 years old. Their children were: 
1. Alonso Garzón de Tahuste (c.1555-c.1644), the parish priest at the Cathedral of Santa Fe de Bogotá for 59 years, who was a pioneer of liturgical music in Colombia. 
2. Juan Garzón de Tahuste, another priest. 
3. Francisco de Aguilar
4. Ana Garzón de Tahuste, whose family continues below.  

~ Andrés Márquez de Castropol (died c.1567 in Castropol, Asturias) was an Asturian hijodalgo, the son of Juan Márquez de Castropol (died c.1535-40 in Castropol) and Mayor Pérez de la Vegina, and the grandson of Vibian Pérez Márquez and Ana Sánchez. Vibian, supposed scion of the "casa y solar de Márquez," came from Lobeira, Galicia, near the Spanish-Portuguese border. The House of Márquez apparently originated in Luaces, Galicia. Andrés left Castropol to settle in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalucía in the late 1540s, but returned to Castropol around 1555 to marry. He served as a judge in Castropol for a year simply because he was a "nobleman." The main source for this family history is the 1590 hidalguía petition by Andrés's two sons, and another 18th-cenutry hidalguía petition. The genealogist Rocío Sánchez did an excellent investigation linking the Colombian de la Plata family back to this Márquez family. 

~ Andrés married Isabel de Omaña Rivadeneira (died c.1562 in Castropol), the daughter of Arias de Omaña [or Ares de Omaña] "el rubio," supposed "señor de la casa y solar de Omaña," and Mayor de Baamonde y Rivadeneira. Isabel's brother, Juan de Omaña Rivadeneira, was the 4th-great-grandfather of famed Colombian President Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña (1792-1840). Mayor de Rivadeneira was disinherited by her snobby Galician father in 1521 for disobeying him and marrying below her social standing. Ares de Omaña "el rubio" was the second son of a lord but inherited the family title anyway, as his elder brother died childless. Ares and Mayor founded the Casa de Villar in 1546, which became generations later the Marquesado de Santa María del Villar. 

~ The Omaña genealogy is said to stretch further back to 12th-cenutry León, and the historian Eduardo Pardo de Guevara y Valdés and Xenealoxia.org's forum have admirably traced Isabel's other noble Galician lines, such as the Bolaño, Miranda, and Ribadeneira families. According to the forum, The earliest verifiable ancestor of Isabel is her 3rd-great-grandfather, Roi Gómez de Ribadeneira (fl.1454), a forero, or low-ranking hidalgo who leased land from the church in Sarria, Lugo, Galicia. He was my 18th-great-grandfather!

~ Amazingly, the wills of Mayor de Ribadeneira's parents are available online (pp. 845-873 here), and the tomb effigy of Mayor's mother, María de Bolaño (died c.1523), can be viewed today in a church in Meira, Galicia! 

~ The children of Andrés and Isabel included: 

1. Juan Márquez de Omaña Rivadeneira

2. Andrés Márquez de Omaña Rivadeneira (born in Castropol; died in Jerez de la Frontera?), whose family continues below.

~ Andrés remarried after Isabel's death to Leonor Núñez de Valcárcel, and their children included: 

3. Andrés Márquez de Castropol

~ Bernardino Fernández de Peñalosa, an exploitative conquistador, married Elvira Rangel and their children included: 

1. Juana de Peñalosa, whose family continues below.

2. Elvira de Peñalosa Acevedo y Rangel (baptized July 6, 1578 in Pamplona), who has been falsely listed in some genealogies as the wife of Francisco Tiburcio Gómez de Orozco. I explain below why I think this is not true. 

3. Jerónimo Fernández y Rangel (baptized 1581 in Pamplona)
4. María Fernández y Rangel (baptized 1584 in Pamplona)
5. Lucía Fernández y Rangel (baptized 1587 in Pamplona)
6. Ana Fernández y Rangel (baptized 1588 in Pamplona)

~ Juan de Mayorga, an exploitative conquistador, married María de Cazalla y Tello, and their children included: 

1. The younger Juan de Mayorga (died 1642 in Vélez), whose family continues below. 

2. Catalina de Jesús Nazareno (died 1640 in Tunja), the devout Dominican nun mentioned above.

~ Andrés de Acevedo an exploitative conquistador, married Inés Rodríguez, and their children included:

1. Isabel de Acevedo, whose family continues below.

~ Francisco Jaimes and his wife Elvira Martínez, who lived in Ayamonte, Huelva, Andalucía, Spain, had at least a son: 
1. Cristóbal Jaimes, whose family continues below. 

~ Francisco Trujillo Salas, a captain who emigrated to Nueva Granada, and Leonor de Valencia were natives of Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain who married and had at least a daughter: 
1. María Bautista Mayor Bazan, whose family continues below. 

~ Simón del Basto (born c.1510), an exploitative conquistador, married Juana de Avellaneda, probably the daughter of Juan de Avellaneda, a member of Nikolaus Federmann's expedition (1536-1539), and their six children included: 
1. María del Basto, whose family continues below. 

Simón del Basto's signature (1583)

~ Pedro Calderón de la Barca (died c.1573) married Elvira de Herrera and lived in Boadilla del Camino, Palencia, Spain near the border with Cantabria. Pedro descended from the noble Calderón de la Barca family of Barreda, Cantabria, Spain, which established its casa-torre in the 1200s. The researcher Mario Arellano García has found genealogical documents that refer to the family as "hijodalgos de sangre noble." Pedro's grandfather, Alonso Sánchez Calderón, founded his own offshoot casa-torre in Sotillo, Cantabria, Spain in the 1400s. The whole saga of the Calderón de la Barca family is discussed here. Pedro and Elvira had at least four children, including: 
1. Juan Calderón de la Barca, who left for the Indies, and whose family continues below. 
~ Pedro then married a second time to Costanza Pérez and their children included: 
1. Pedro Calderón de la Barca (baptized 1531), who inherited the Casa de Calderón from his father and became a secretary for the king in Madrid. His son, Diego Calderón de la Barca (born 1550s), also inherited the casa and became a secretary for the king. Among the children of Diego were: 
a. José Calderón de la Barca (died 1645), who fought in the army of the Conde Duque de Olivares (the prime minister immortalized in Diego Velázquez's portraits)
b. Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-1681), one of the greatest writers of Spain's Golden Age, who is still world-renowned for his poetry and drama.  

~ Lanzarote de Gorraiz was a petty nobleman born in Gorraiz, Valle de Egüés, Navarra. In 1521, Lanzarote and his father, Miguel de Gorraiz, fought in the Battle of Noáin, which was a decisive Spanish victory over the French, sealing their control of Navarra. Emperor Carlos V awarded Lanzarote 9,000 maravedís for his service, which Lanzarote used to build a palace-fortress which still stands.
~ Lanzarote then married Ana de Beaumont y Navarra, from another pro-Spanish Navarrese noble family. Among Ana's great-grandfathers were Carlos de Beaumont (1361-1432), a diplomat and the illegitimate son of a Navarrese prince, and the king he served, Carlos III of Navarra (1361-1425). Carlos and Carlos were descended from France's House of Capet, including the canonized King Louis IX (1214-1270), who is problematic from a Jewish perspective. An exhaustive genealogy can be found in Los Beaumont: un linaje navarro de sangre Real by Basque genealogist Iñaki Garrido Yerobi. You can read about how I came across the Beaumont family ties here, and further details are here. Keep in mind that I only know about the Colombian descendants of this line from secondary sources, so I welcome your skepticism. 

~ Lanzarote de Gorraiz and Ana de Beaumont y Navarra had at least two children: 

1. Luis Gorraiz de Beaumont, whose family continues below.

2. Catalina Gorraiz de Beaumont, who married Francés de Arbizu.

Left to right: The Gorraiz coat of arms (source), and the Beaumont coat of arms, which incorporates royal Navarrese heraldry (source)

Second Generation

~ Alonso de Rueda married Elvira González and they had at least a son:

1. Cristóbal de Rueda González (born c.1569 in Priego de Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain; died 1610 in Tunja, Colombia), the first Colombian Rueda, whose family continues below.

Priego de Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain (Google Maps)

~ Francisco Pérez de Rosales (died c.1572) married María López (born c.1552 in Alburquerque, Spain; died c.1611 in Tunja) and they had at least two daughters:
1. Damiana Pérez de Rosales (born 1571; died c.1647 in Tunja), whose family continues below. 

2. Beatriz Pérez de Rosales

~ After Francisco's death, María López married Francisco Mogollón (born c.1541), another resident of Tunja who appears in many lawsuits. 

~ Inés Ortíz Galeano married Lorenzo Benítez Burros Bermejas Capotes y Galvanes (born c.1520), who was from Almendralejo, Extremadura, Spain and whose family originally came from Cabeza del Buey, Extremadura. Lorenzo came to Colombia around 1550, secured an encomienda to exploit the Indians of Caícota in 1556, and was among the residents of Vélez accused of mistreating Indians in 1561. He served as teniente de alcalde (lieutenant mayor) in the Río del Oro area from 1562-1572, before he was forced out of office. Lorenzo then inherited the encomiendas of Itierra, Misaque, Queregana, y Carahota from his father-in-law in 1576 and eventually had encomiendas in Yerva, Siscota, Sube, and Choagüete. Inés Ortíz was listed as a widow in the 1620 census of Tunja, living with her widowed daugher. Lorenzo and Inés had six children, order unknown:

1. Diego Ortíz Galeano, the eldest, whose family continues below. 
2. Fray Alonso Ortíz Galeano (born 1567 in Vélez; died 1639 in Guane), a Dominican priest who raised by a Guane wet nurse and became famous for speaking the language of the Guane Indians (and possibly his maternal grandmother).
3. Juana Galeano, who married Juan de Ugarte Larrinaga, an administrator of the "mitayos," enslaved Indians forced to do labor under the "mita" system.
4. Ana Benítez Galeano, who first married Andrés de Buyza and then married Captain Martín Gómez, who died in the "War of the Yariguies," fighting the Yariguí Indians near Vélez. Ana Benítez was listed as a widow in the 1620 census of Tunja, living with her widowed mother, Inés Ortíz.
5. Pedro Ortíz Galeano
6. another son named Pedro or Lorenzo Ortíz Galeano

~ Captain Juan Delgado (born c.1542) lived in Colombia by 1561, married María de Poveda, and lived in Muzo, Boyacá, Colombia, which is renowned for having the world's best emerald mine. In 1609, Juan testified in a legal case in Bogotá that "he knew many of the conquerors and settlers of this kingdom," and his father-in-law, Alonso de Poveda, came to Colombia as part of the expedition of Nikolaus Federmann (1536-1539). 
~ The children of Juan Delgado and María de Poveda included:
1. Catalina Delgado, whose family continues below.

2. Diego Delgado, a priest in Muzo.

~ Pedro Gutiérrez de Aponte (born 1510 in possibly Aragón), married Luisa Vázquez, and they are among the residents of Vélez accused of mistreating Indians in 1561. They had one daughter: 

1. Francisca Gutiérrez de Aponte, whose family continues below.

~ Alonso de Soto married Mencia de Collantes, who was born in Cuzco, Peru, and their children included:

1. María de Collantes, who was born in Bogotá, Colombia and whose family continues below.

~ Mencia de Collantes had no children with her second husband, Francisco Martín. 

~ Alonso de Olivera Sarmiento married Mariana de Guerra y Valderrama and they had at least a son:

1. Captain Juan Sarmiento de Olivera, who was born in Jérez de la Frontera, Andalucía, Spain and settled in Vélez. His family continues below.

~ Francisco Sánchez Herreño married Catalina Hernández and their children included:

1. Francisco Sánchez de la Nava, a priest in Vélez, whose family continues immediately below.

~ Francisco Sánchez de la Nava (a.k.a. Francisco Sánchez Herreño) was a priest in Vélez who disregarded his vows of chastity and had a relationship with Beatríz de Torres, a mestiza woman from the Muisca/Chibcha settlement of Turmequé, and they had at least an illegitimate daughter:

1. Francisca González de la Nava, whose family continues below. 

~ Juan Bermúdez married Beatríz González and their children included: 
1. Juan Bermúdez Canario (born on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands), whose family continues below. 
2. Francisco Bermúdez

~ Gonzalo Hernández Gironda was a conquistador who married Beatríz Arias and had a daughter: 
1. Inés de Salazar (born in the Canary Islands), whose family continues below. 

~ Pedro de la Parra and his wife Catalina Vázquez lived in Arévalo, Ávila, Castilla-León, Spain, and their children included: 
1. Antonio de la Parra, whose family continues below. 

~ Gonzalo Hernández Cano (a.k.a. Gonzalo Cano) and his wife Juana lived in Azuaga, Badajoz, Spain during the late 1500s, when it was one of the largest towns in the region of Extremadura and a center for textiles and dye manufacturing. Azuaga was named by the Arabs after the Berber tribe Al-Zuwaga and famed for having a chapter of the prestigious Orden de Santiago. Many azuagueños named Cano who were probably relatives settled in the Americas, including García Hernández de Merchán Cano (born c.1540), who settled in Pasto, Colombia and whose descendants were named Merchancano.  
The children of Gonzalo and Juana included: 
1. Isabel García Cano, whose family continues below. 

Azuaga, Spain (Google Maps)

~  Juan Jiménez Pavón, a Spaniard, and Ana de Sanabria, a native of Vélez, Colombia, married, and Ana died within five years of marrying, according to her grandson, Antonio Sánchez de Cozar Guanienta. Juan resettled in the port of Gibraltar, Venezuela, where he remarried and served as alguacil mayor (chief constable). A son from Juan's second marriage also served as alguacil mayor of Gibraltar and died during the pirate Henry Morgan's raid of the town in 1669. Juan and Ana had at least two daughters:

1. Isabel Gómez Pabón, whose family continues below.

2. Ana de Sanabria Pavón, whose family continues below. 

~ Martín Sánchez de Cozar and Cecilia González (a.k.a. Cecilia de Montoya) were residents of Villanueva de los Infantes, Spain. Their children included: 

1. Francisco Sánchez de Cozar (baptized 1604 in Villanueva de los Infantes)

2. Martín Sánchez de Cozar, whose family continues below. 

~ Juan de Azcárraga y Erostegui (baptized July 23, 1555 in Oñati, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; died c.1603 in Vélez, Colombia) married Ana González de Castro (fl. 1652), and they had four children:

1. Juan de Azcárraga

2. Pedro de Azcárraga, whose family continues below. 

3. Alonso de Azcárraga 

4. Maria González de Ascarraga

~ Pedro de la Fuente married Catalina González de Retes, possibly in Urduña, Bizkaia, Spain, and their children included: 

1. Francisco de Uribe (born in Urduña, Bizkaia, Spain), whose family continues below.

~ Pedro de Gorostizaga married María de Zárate on June 8, 1582 (several months before the start of the Gregorian calendar!) in the Iglesia de San Vicente Mártir de Abando in Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain. In the Basque language of Euskera, the surname "Gorostizaga" or "Gorostiaga" means place (aga) of the holly (gorosti). The children of Pedro and María included: 

1. Pedro de Gorostizaga (baptized October 20, 1585 in Bilbao's Catedral-Basílica del Señor Santiago), whose baptismal record amazingly includes the names of his grandparents!
2. Marina de Gorostizaga, whose family continues below. 

~ Pedro Gómez de Orozco Domínguez (died c.1600), nicknamed "el mozo" (the young boy) since he was his father's namesake, married Francisca de Rojas (baptized January 1577 in Pamplona), and their children included: 

1. Francisco Tiburcio Gómez de Orozco y Rojas (baptized August 27, 1597 in Pamplona), whose family continues below.  

~ Gonzalo Gómez de Orozco Domínguez appears to be the direct-male ancestor of the Acevedo family of Santander, Colombia, as opposed to his brother Pedro. In 1582, Gonzalo married Isabel de Acevedo in Pamplona, and their children included:  

1. Isabel Gómez de Orozco y Acevedo (baptized 1586 in Pamplona)
2. Agueda Gómez de Orozco y Acevedo (baptized 1588 in Pamplona)
3. Francisco Gómez de Orozco y Acevedo (baptized 1590 in Pamplona)
4. Pedro de Acevedo (baptized October 11, 1591 in Pamplona), whose family continues below. 

~ Juan Pérez married Juana de Peñalosa in Pamplona and their children included:

1. Juan Pérez de Peñalosa, who became a priest.

2. Rafaela de Peñalosa, whose family continues below. She is mentioned in a 1677 document as the sister of the priest Juan.

~ Fernando de Sotomayor (born in Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain; died 1599 in Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca, Colombia) was according to Flórez de Ocáriz an encomendero in "the city of Nuestra Señora de Altagracia de los Utagaos," which I intrepret as Nuestra Señora de Altagracia de Sumapáz (now Fusagasugá), which was in the territory of the Sutagaos Indians. Fernando married Leonor de Figueroa and their children included: 
1. Pedro de Sotomayor, whose family continues below. 

~ Martín Calderón (born in La Mancha, Spain) married Ana Garzón de Tahuste and their children included: 
1. Ana Garzón de Tahuste, whose family continues below. 

~ Andrés Márquez de Omaña Rivadeneira (born 1550s? in Castropol, Asturias; died in Sevilla?) left his Asturian hometown for Jerez de la Frontera in the 1570s, to claim his late father's inheritance. In 1590, Andrés and his younger half-brother filed a successful hidalguía petition (which has been digitized by the University of Missouri!), for "noble" status and exemption from certain taxes. Andrés then married María Mendoza in Sevilla, and their children included: 

1. Pedro Márquez Rivadeneira (baptized on August 8, 1602 in the Iglesia de San Juan de Acre in Sevilla; died c.1650 in Camas, Andalucía, Spain), whose family continues below. 

~ Esteban de Arévalo y Guzmán and Mariana Arias Jiménez, who lived in Sevilla, married and their children included: 

1. María Mayor de Arévalo y Guzmán (baptized April 24, 1610 in the Iglesia de San Juan de Acre in Sevilla), whose family continues below. 

~ Juan Jiménez, who is said to have come to Colombia in the 1550s, became a settler of Muzo (c.1559?) and had at least a daughter with an unknown [Indigenous?] woman:

1. María Jiménez, whose family continues below. 

~ Diego Rincón (born c.1520 in Llerena, Badajoz, Extremadura; died c.1589 in Tunja) originally took part in the expedition of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, sailing to Santa Marta in 1536 and taking part in the difficult trek up the Magdalena River. He joined the sick members of the expedition who returned to Santa Marta at the end of 1536, and only learned of the fate of the rest of the expedition two years later. Diego finally reached Bogotá in 1540 as part of the expedition of Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones. Diego later became the encomendero of Busbanzá, Baganique, and Sutamanga in Tunja. He could read and write and served as Tunja's alcalde in 1562 and regidor in 1571. Diego's legitimate children included: 

1. Diego Rincón el mozo [the younger] (born c.1562 in Tunja), whose family continues below. 

2. Pedro Rincón, a clergyman in Tunja

~ Benito de la Puebla Paniagua (born in Écija, Sevilla) served in the Guerra de los Pijaos in the early 1600s and was still alive in the 1630s. He married Leonor Diosdado and their children included: 

1. Luisa de la Puebla Marroquín, whose family continues below. 

~ Juan de Mayorga y Tello (died 1642 in Vélez), as mentioned above, donated the money to found in 1620 the Convento del Santo Ecce Homo in Sutamarchán, which houses his father's "miraculous" Ecce Homo painting. He married Gerónima Ramírez de Benavides (died 1661 in Vélez), the granddaughter of Juan Alonso de la Torre and great-granddaughter of Juan Rodríguez de Benavides, two conquistadors who took part in the expedition of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, had at least two sons:

1. Francisco Tello de Mayorga

2. Juan Tello de Mayorga, whose family continues below. 

~ Cristóbal Jaimes, an exploitative conquistador, married María Bautista Mayor Bazan, and their children included: 
1. Juan Jaimes y Bazan, whose family continues below. 
2. Cristóbal Jaimes y Bazan (baptized 1577 in Pamplona)

~ Juan Calderón de la Barca, an exploitative conquistador, married María del Basto and their children included: 

1. (probably) Elvira Calderón de la Barca, whose family continues below. 
2. María Calderón de la Barca (baptized 1581 in Pamplona)
~ Some sources say Juan was the father of Juan Calderón de la Fuente, a soldier who in turn was the father of Diego Paredes Calderón, a Tunja resident who married Isabel Holguín. I believe they are mistaken, as the historian Avellaneda shows that the father of Juan Calderón de la Fuente was also named Diego Paredes Calderón (c.1515-after 1588), a conquistador from Ronda, Spain who took part in Jiménez de Quesada's expedition and settled in Tunja. 

~ Luis de Gorraiz Beaumont, the Lord of Gorraiz, Spain, married Francisca de Ugarte (a.k.a. María Francisca de Huarte), the Lady of Olóriz and the daughter of Captain Tristan de Huarte and Ana Liñan. I go into more detail here. Their children included: 

1. Lanzarot Gorráiz de Beaumont, who inherited the title of Lord of Gorraiz, and died c.1591-1596. 

2. Adrián Gorráiz de Beaumont, "who died as a captain in the Indies," according to genealogist Iñaki Garrido Yerobi. His family continues below. 

3. Amador Gorráiz de Beaumont (born c.1563 in Tafalla, Navarra), a military captain who fought in Italy and Flanders and was stationed at Corella, Navarra in 1587. 

~ José de Deza married Ana Garcés in Vélez, Colombia, and their children included: 

1. Clara de Deza, whose family continues below.

Third Generation 

~ Cristóbal de Rueda (born c.1569 in Priego de Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain; died 1610 in Tunja) was a merchant who founded the Rueda family in Colombia. He lived in Tunja by 1593 and married Damiana Pérez de Rosales (born 1571 in Tunja; died c.1647 in Tunja). Their children included:

1. Marcelo de Rueda Rosales (born 1593 in Tunja)

2. Juana de Rueda Rosales (baptized 1596 in Tunja)

3. Cristóbal de Rueda Rosales (born or baptized 1596 in Tunja), whose family continues below.

4. Elvira de Rueda Rosales (born 1603 in Tunja)

5. Alonso de Rueda Rosales (born 1605 in Tunja; died April 1681 in Moncora), whose family continues below.

6. María de Rueda Rosales (born 1607 in Tunja)

7. Juan de Rueda Rosales, who was living in 1620 but died before his mother. In her will, Damiana wrote she had several children who died before her. 

Tunja, Colombia (Google Maps)

~ Diego Ortíz Galeano, who by 1607 still owned the encomiendas of Misaque and Yerva, married Catalina Delgado Matajudíos and their children included:
1. Inés Benítez Galeano, a nun at the Convent de la Concepción in Tunja, Boyacá.
2. Lorenzo Felipe Benítez Galeano, whose family continues below. 
3. Fray Joseph Ortíz Galeano, who was an Augustinian monk and a prior. 
4. Pedro Ortíz Galiano Matajudíos (born c.1618), who married and had a family.

~  Captain Pedro de Ardila came from Castilla la Vieja, Spain and arrived at Vélez in 1540 with Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones, where he led the infantry and served as regidor (alderman). Pedro owned an encomienda in Choaguete and a gold mine near Bucaramanga. The Bogotá authorities heard that Pedro forced the Indians of his encomienda to work in his mine, and after a long court case (1572-1576) he was fined 70 pesos in 20-karat gold. 

As a relatively older man, Pedro married Francisca Gutiérrez de Aponte, the daughter of another veteran of Lebron's expedition, and had nine children:
1. Pedro de Ardila, a magistrate of Vélez.
2. Baltazar de Ardila, who never married. 
3. Juan de Ardila, who married Gabriela de Bahamonde and had a family.
4. Eufemia de Ardila, who never married. 
5. María de Ardila y Miranda, who first married Andrés Hernández de Abrego and then married Alonso Pardo de Moya, and had families with both husbands. 
6. Ana de Ardila, who never married. 
7. Luisa de Ardila, who married Captain Diego Ruíz de la Peña Montoya (born 1575). One of their sons, Juan de la Peña Montoya, went back to Spain to fight in the army of King Felipe IV, helped defeat the French in the Battle of Fuenterrabía (1638) and died while fighting in Catalonia in 1640. The Franco-Spanish War dragged on until 1659, when the peace treaty resulted in the marriage of Louis XIV of France and Infanta María Teresa of Spain. 
8. Melchora de Ardila, who never married. 
9. Lucía de Ardila y Aponte, whose family continues below.

~ Captain Juan Sarmiento de Olivera (or Olvera) was born in Jérez de la Frontera, Andalucía, Spain, came to the New World around 1590, and married Francisca González de la Nava in Vélez around 1600. Juan and a man who became his son-in-law, Juan Díaz Bermúdez, were granted royal permission in 1609 to have Indians work on their haciendas in Vélez. There were five daughters and two sons of Juan Sarmiento and Francisca González (read the previous blog post for more information), and they were: 

1. María Sarmiento de Díaz (a.k.a. Antonia Sarmiento de Olivera), whose family continues below.

2. Catalina Sarmiento de Olivera, whose family continues below. 

3. Juana Sarmiento de Quiñónes, whose family continues below. 

4. Margarita Sarmiento de Rueda, whose family continues below.

5. Leonor Sarmiento de Mantilla, who married a Spaniard, Francisco Mantilla de los Rios y Palacios (c.1608-1679), the founder of Girón, and had a family.

6. Alonso Sarmiento de Olivera, whose family continues below.

7. Fray Francisco Sarmiento de Olivera, a priest in Girón.

Juan Sarmiento's signature (1627)

~ Juan Bermúdez Canario (born in Tenerife, Canary Islands) married Inés de Salazar (born in the Canary Islands) and their children included: 
1. Antonio Bermúdez, who inherited an encomienda in Queca from his maternal grandfather, Gonzalo Hernández Gironda, following a lawsuit with his stepfather lasting from 1568-1572.  
2. Beatríz Bermúdez
3. Gonzalo Bermúdez de Salazar (c.1550-1625), a priest in Bogotá who famously sermonized and taught in the Chibcha language. 
4. Isabel de Salazar
5. Juan Díaz Bermúdez (born in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Andalucía, Spain), whose family continues below. 
6. Francisca Bermúdez 
~ After Juan Bermúdez's death, Inés de Salazar married Diego de Vergara, an attorney and encomendero who lived in Bogotá, and they had another 11 children.

~ Antonio de la Parra was probably born in Arévalo, Ávila, Spain and moved to Azuaga, Badajoz, where he married Isabel García Cano on September 12, 1604. 

Either Antonio or Isabel was the sibling or close relative of Juan Ortíz de la Maza, who was the Grand Inquisitor of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Cartagena from 1640-1643 (which dumbfounds me, their Jewish descendant, by the way). 

The children of Antonio de la Parra and Isabel García Cano included:

1. Gonzalo de la Parra Cano (baptized 1606 in Azuaga; died by 1664), who lived in Azuaga and married María de la Vera Aldana on September 22, 1628. One of their sons, Francisco Cano de Aldana (born c.1629), traveled to Panama in 1664 as the servant of Dr. Rodrigo del Corro Carrascal, the oidor (judge) of the Real Audencia of  Panamá. Francisco was described as medium height with a scar over his right eye. 

2. Catalina de la Parra Cano (baptized 1608 in Azuaga)

3. Pedro de la Parra Cano (baptzed 1610 in Azuaga)

4. Antonio de la Parra Cano (baptized 1613 in Azuaga), who married Inés Ortíz in 1641 in Azuaga. 

5. Joana de la Parra Cano (baptized 1615 in Azuaga)

6. Juana de la Parra Cano (baptized 1617 in Azuaga)

7. Lucía de la Parra Cano (baptized 1622 in Azuaga)

8. Juan de la Parra Cano (baptized August 14, 1625 in Azuaga, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain; died c.1699 in San Gil, Colombia), who called the Inquisitor Juan Ortíz his "uncle," and whose family continues below.

The 1604 marriage record of Antonio de la Parra and Isabel Garcia Cano. Shakespeare's "Othello" premiered the same year they married and Cervantes's "Don Quijote" was published the following year.

~ Martín Sánchez de Cozar (born in Villanueva de los Infantes, Spain) married Isabel Gómez Pabón and their children included: 
1. Cecilia González de Cozar (baptized August 30, 1635 in Guane), whose family continues below. 
2. María de Cozar, whose family continues below.
3. Martín Sánchez de Cozar (born c.1644), who served as the alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1707. 

~ Pedro de Azcárraga had an illegitimate daughter, probably with an Indigenous woman: 

1. Lucía González de Azcárraga, who was born in Vélez, Colombia and whose family continues below.

~ A Guane Indian woman who lived in the town of Guane, whose name is lost to history, had at least a daughter: 
1. Madalena López (born early 1600s; probably died 1655 in Chanchón, now Socorro), whose family continues below. 

~ Francisco de Uribe married Marina de Gorostizaga on December 4, 1607 in the Iglesia de los Santos Juanes in Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain. Their children included: 
1. Pedro de Uribe Salazar (baptized February 5, 1609 in Bilbao, Spain), whose family continues below. 

~ Pedro de Amaya married Agustina de Villaroel in Spain and their children included: 
1. Juan de Amaya Villaroel (born in Arcos de la Frontera, Andalucía, Spain; died c.1689 in San Gil, Colombia), whose family continues below. 

~ Alonso Hernández Mohedano y Blasco, who was born in Mérida, Extremadura, Spain and was a "close relative" of the humanist Benito Arias Montano, married María de Collantes, who was born in Bogotá. Their 14 children included:
2. Catalina de Collantes, the mother of Bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita of Santa Marta (1624-1688), the author of "Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada."
4. Olaya Collantes (1614-1690), who married Pedro Correa and was a foremother of the elite of Antioquia, Colombia. Presidents of Colombia who are descended from Olaya include Pedro Nel Ospina, Mariano Ospina Pérez, and Alfonso López Michelsen. The painter Fernando Botero (1932-2023) is Olaya's 9th-great-grandson and may be her most accomplished descendant.
5. Ana Blasco, whose family continues below. 

~ Francisco Tiburcio Gómez de Orozco y Rojas (baptized 1597 in Pamplona; died c.1634) inherited the encomienda of Cáchira from his conquistador grandfather on March 26, 1601. He married Juana de Sotomayor Arias Maldonado in Pamplona, November 28, 1614 (source). They were listed as godparents in 1629 (source) and Francisco's will was proven in Tunja in 1634 (source). The marriage of Francisco and Juana is also listed in a 1734 genealogy commissioned by their great-grandson, José Lázaro Camacho Orozco y Gorraiz.

~ An incorrect 1809 genealogy of the Acevedo family claimed that Francisco was married to Elvira de Peñalosa Acevedo y Rangel. Elvira was nearly two decades older than Francisco, who married Juana as a young man, and stayed married to Juana through his life. I discuss the error-filled 1809 genealogy, which is unfortunately quoted in the Genealogías de Santa Fé de Bogotá, further below. 

~ The children of Francisco and Juana included: 
1. Pedro Gómez de Orozco y Sotomayor, whose family continues below.

~ Pedro de Acevedo (baptized October 11, 1591 in Pamplona) married Rafaela de Peñalosa on November 16, 1625 in Pamplona. Their children included: 

1. Gonzalo de Acevedo y Peñalosa (baptized 1626 in Pamplona)

2. Juan de Acevedo Peñalosa (baptized February 26, 1628 in Pamplona), a.k.a. Juan de Peñalosa Acevedo, whose family continues below.

3. Francisco de Orozco Acevedo, who became a priest. 

4. Catalina de Acevedo y Peñalosa (baptized 1635 in Pamplona)

5. Isabel de Acevedo y Peñalosa (baptized 1636 in Pamplona)

6. María de Acevedo y Peñalosa (baptized 1639 in Pamplona)

7. Leonor de Acevedo y Peñalosa (baptized 1641 in Pamplona)

8. Juana de Acevedo y Peñalosa

9. Bernardina de Acevedo y Peñalosa (baptized 1649 in Pamplona)

~ Pedro de Sotomayor married Ana Garzón de Tahuste (died in Bogotá) and their children included: 
1. Alonso de Sotomayor Garzón de Tahuste, whose family continues below. 

~ Pedro Márquez Rivadeneira (baptized 1602 in Sevilla; died c.1650 in Camas, Andalucía, Spain) married María Mayor de Arévalo y Guzmán (baptized 1610 in Sevilla) on February 22, 1637 in the Iglesia de San Juan de Acre in Sevilla. The birth years of their children are based on Pedro's will, which was written in 1650 in Camas. Their children included: 

1. Isabel Márquez Rivadeneira de Arévalo y Guzmán (born c.1638)

2. Juan Salvador Márquez de la Plata (born c.1639), whose Ecuadorian descendants became minor Spanish nobles in the early 1900s.

3. José Antonio Márquez de la Plata (born c.1645), whose family continues below and whose descendants used the surname "de la Plata."

~ Governor Juan Baptista de los Reyes, who is said in genealogies to have been born in Burgos, Spain, came to Colombia by 1580, and in the early 1600s fought alongside Juan de Borja, the president of the Real Audencia de Santa Fe de Bogotá, in the war against the formidable Pijaos, an Indigenous resistance movement in the mountains between Bogotá and Popayán. Juan led an infantry company from 1609-1611 and later served as governor of the fort of San Juan and chief justice of San Agustín de Cáceres (now San Martín de los Llanos, Meta Department, Colombia. He married María Jiménez and their children included:

1. Juan Baptista de los Reyes Jiménez, whose family continues below.

~ Captain Diego Rincón el mozo (born c.1562 in Tunja) took control of his father's encomiendas in 1585-1587, according to this compilation of Rincón family land titles, dated 1572-1620. Diego appears in Magdalena Corradine Mora's Vecinos y moradores de Tunja 1620-1623 (2009), as he is mentioned in Tunja's 1620 census and 1623 town map. He testified that he was around 48 years old in 1610. 

~ Diego first married María Zambrano, who was mentioned as dead in a 1585 notarial record. This had one surviving child: 

1. Isabel Rincón y Zambrano

~ Diego then married Juana Bravo Maldonado, according to a 1588 notarial record, and their children included: 

2. Diego Ventura Rincón Maldonado (born c.1614 in Tunja)

3. Margarita Rincón Maldonado, whose family continues below.

Note: Flórez de Ocáriz made a major mistake, writing that the Diego Rincón who married María Zambrano and the Diego Rincón who married Juana Bravo Maldonado were father and son, instead of the same person. Published genealogies and online family trees (Geni.com, FamilySearch.org, etc.) perpetuate this mistake to the present day.  

~ Pedro Pinto Rollano was born in Cantalpinto, Salamanca, Castilla-León, Spain and became the ensayador mayor (major coin assayer) of Sevilla, according to Flórez de Ocáriz. Pedro married Ana de Camargo, who was born in Sevilla, and their children included: 

1. Pedro Pinto Camargo, whose family continues below.

2. (probably) Miguel Pinto Camargo, who served as an ensayador (coin assayer) in Bogotá's Casa de la Moneda in 1627-1632.

~ Alonso de Antechasin, who was born in the Canary Islands, married Luisa de la Puebla Marroquín and their children included: 

1. Leonor Marroquín de la Puebla, whose family continues below. 

~ Juan Tello de Mayorga married Catalina del Castillo y Angulo, the great-granddaughter of Juan Martín Hincapié, a supposed member of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada's expedition. I'm making a major assumption that their son was the same as Gregorio Tello de Mayorga, who married my ancestor, Margarita Martínez de Ponte. Juan Tello de Mayorga also had a brother named Gregorio, and maybe there was another branch of the family I'm unfamiliar with. According to Flórez de Ocáriz, Juan and Catalina had 12 children, including: 

1. Gregorio de Mayorga y Castillo, whose possible family continues below.

~ Juan Jaimes married Elvira Calderón de la Barca on April 13, 1591 in Pamplona. The marriage record and notarial record detailing Elvira's dowry lists her name as "Elvira de Herrera," the same name as her presumed paternal grandmother. That is the strongest evidence linking Elvira back to the noble Calderón de la Barca family of Cantabria, Spain. The bones of Elvira Calderón were buried in the "Iglesia Mayor" of Pamplona on March 18, 1616, so she had died long before. Juan and Elvira had at least 11 children, including: 
1. Mónica Jaimes Calderón (baptized 1591 in Pamplona)
2. Cristóbal Jaimes Calderón (baptized 1593 in Pamplona)
3. Juan Jaimes Calderón (baptized 1601 in Pamplona)
4. Fabiana Jaimes Calderón (baptized 1601 in Pamplona)
5. Jacinto Jaimes Calderón (baptized 1603 in Pamplona)
6. Juana Jaimes Calderón (baptized 1603 in Pamplona)
7. (probably) Francisca Jaimes Calderón, whose family continues below. 

~ Adrián de Gorraiz (born in Gorraiz, Valle de Egüés, Navarra) was a young man when his family sold their palace-fortress in Gorraiz, sometime before 1604. While Adrián's eldest brother inherited other family properties, Adrián came to Colombia and served as a militia captain in Vélez. He married Clara de Deza, and their children included: 

1. Ana de Gorraiz y Deza (baptized 1619 in Vélez), whose family continues below.

Fourth Generation

Guane, Colombia, originally called "Moncora" until 1689

~ Alonso de Rueda Rosales (born c.1605 in Tunja; died April 1681 in Moncora), an exploitative slave owner, married Margarita Sarmiento de Olvera (died c.1660). Their children included:

1. Marcela de Rueda Sarmiento (born c.1641; died before 1681), whose family continues below.   

2. Alonso de Rueda Sarmiento, a priest (baptized September 13, 1643 in Moncora; died before 1681)

3. Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento (baptized April 17, 1645 in Moncora; died before 1681), who married Francisca Sarmiento de Olvera y Cozar, daughter of Alonso Sarmiento. 

4. Bernardo de Rueda Sarmiento (born c.1646; died 1720 in San Gil), whose family continues below.
5. Pablo de Rueda Sarmiento (died c.1694 in San Gil)
6. Felipe de Rueda Sarmiento

7. María de Rueda Sarmiento (baptized April 20, 1652 in Moncora; died before 1681)

8. Bárbara de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1657; baptized April 15, 1659 in Moncora; died before 1681), whose family continues below. 

9. Nicolás de Rueda Rosales y Sarmiento (c.1657-c.1715), a founder of San Gil, whose family continues below. 
10. Francisco de Rueda Sarmiento (born c.1657; died c.1703 in San Gil)
~ Alonso de Rueda Rosales had an illegitimate daughter: 
1. Catalina de Rueda, who married Salvador de Medina and whose daughter, Antonia de Medina, is an heir in Alonso's 1681 will. 

~ Margarita also had an illegitimate daughter: 
1. Francisca de la Peña Montoya (who is also called "Fulana Sarmiento" in another source). Her family continues below.
~ Alonso de Rueda married Gerónima Ramírez de Poveda around 1659, after the death of Margarita, and had three more children: 
1. Juan de Rueda Ramírez (born 1661; baptized 1664 in Moncora)
2. José de Rueda Ramírez (born 1664; baptized 1666 in Moncora)
3. María de Rueda Ramírez (baptized 1671 in Moncora) 

~ Catalina Sarmiento de Olvera and her first husband, Cristóbal de Rueda Rosales, the son of the Spanish immigrant, had at least six children (order uncertain):

1. Juan de Rueda Sarmiento, a priest first in Bucaramanga and then Curití.

2. José de Rueda Sarmiento (born c.1635; died c.1702 in San Gil), who served as the alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1699, and married Felisiana de Sotomayor, a direct descendant of the Incas. 

3. Francisca de Rueda Sarmiento, whose family continues below. 

4. Ana de Rueda Sarmiento (baptized April 14, 1636 in Moncora)

5. Beatríz de Rueda Sarmiento (baptized March 26, 1638 in Moncora)

6. Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento (baptized March 26, 1638 in Moncora)

~ Catalina Sarmiento then was married around 1640 in Vélez to Captain Manuel Gómez Romano, a.k.a. Manuel Currea Betancur (born c.1616 in Portugal), and they lived into the 1680s. The surname Currea stems from the border of Galicia and Portugal, and Betancur/Betancourt was originally the Norman surname Bettencourt, an old French family with an extensive Portuguese branch. Many "Portuguese" in the New World were actually conversos, recent Christians of Jewish ancestry, but that cannot be assumed of every Portuguese settler. Some of the descendants of Manuel and Catalina used the last name "Gómez Romano," while others used the last name "Gómez Currea," "Gómez Currea Betancourt," or "Currea Betancur." 
The children of Manuel and Catalina included (order unknown):

1. Juana Francisca Gómez Romano y Sarmiento, the first wife of Gabiel Ángel Ortíz Navarro (born c.1649 in Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain), whose family continues below. Some sources falsely confuse her with Francisca Gómez Romano who married Francisco Benítez and whose children were baptized in Socorro around 1700. 

2. Alonso Gómez Romano y Sarmiento.
3. Ignacio Currea Betancur, a.k.a. Ignacio Gómez Sarmiento (born c.1643; died 1724 in San Gil), who married Francisca Sarmiento de Olvera and whose last testament mentions that his father Manuel was born in Portugal. Ignacio served as the alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1702. 
4. Catalina Gómez Romano y Sarmiento (baptized September 17, 1646 in Moncora), whose family continues below. 
5. Manuel Gómez Romano y Sarmiento (born c.1650; died February 6, 1732 in San Gil), whose family continues below.
6. María Gómez Romano y Sarmiento (baptized April 1, 1650 in Moncora), who is said to have married Pedro Gómez de Orozco and whose family continues below.

7. Leonardo Currea Betancourt (born c.1655), an attorney who assisted with the legal founding of the town of Santa Cruz y San Gil de Baeza (now shortened to San Gil) in 1689, secured a royal coat of arms for San Gil in 1694, and served as alcalde ordinario mas antiguo of San Gil in 1691 and 1716. He married Paula de la Parra Cano y Benítez on August 30, 1679 in Moncora.  

~ Juan Díaz Bermúdez was born in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Andalucía, Spain and settled in the outskirts of Vélez, Colombia. In 1609, Juan co-wrote a petition with Juan Sarmiento de Olvera for royal permission to have Indians work on their haciendas in Vélez. Juan Díaz later married Juan Sarmiento's daughter, María Sarmiento de Olvera, and had children well into his old age, including:

1. Martín Díaz Sarmiento (baptized January 4, 1633 in Moncora), whose family continues below.
2. Francisco Díaz Sarmiento, who married Gertrudis del Castillo y Aviles and whose children were the "Díaz del Castillo" family.
3. María Díaz Sarmiento (baptized 1637 in Moncora)
4. Catarina Díaz Sarmiento (baptized December 29, 1640 in Vélez), whose family continues below.
5. Gracia Díaz Sarmiento (baptized September 12, 1643 in Vélez; buried August 14, 1733 in Girón), whose family continues below.
6. Alonso Díaz Sarmiento (baptized July 26, 1649 in Girón)

~ Juana Sarmiento de Olvera (fl. 1700) married Lázaro de Quiñones Rincón, who was from Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain, and their children included:

1. Juana de Quiñones, whose family continues immediately below. 
2. Lázaro de Quiñones (baptized August 15, 1646 in Girón)

~ Juana de Quiñones married Andrés Rodríguez de la Cruz and lived in Girón. In 1669, Juana reported that her husband had abandoned her, and asked authorities for permission to take control of his real estate and livestock. They had one daughter:
1. Úrsula de Quiñones (baptized November 14, 1659 in Girón; possibly buried Februray 7, 1744 in Girón), whose family continues below. 

~ Diego Martínez de Ponte and Catalina Inclán de Estrada were natives of the Oviedo region of Asturias, Spain who married and who had at least a son: 
1. Luis Martínez de Ponte (born c.1636 in Pravia, Asturias, Spain), whose family continues below.

~ Alonso Sarmiento de Olvera, an infantry captain who fought the Yariguíes Indians and later helped settle Girón, married Cecilia González de Cozar (baptized August 30, 1635 in Guane) and their children included:
1. Juan Sarmiento, who was a bachiller and priest by 1681. 
2. Cecilia Sarmiento de Olvera (born 1661; baptized 1664 in Moncora), whose family continues below.

3. Alonso Sarmiento de Olvera (born c.1664; died 1754 in Barichara), whose family continues below. 

4. Francisca Sarmiento de Olvera (baptized 1665 in Socorro), who married Ignacio Currea Betancur.  

5. Tomás Sarmiento de Olvera (born 1669; baptized 1670 in Moncora; died c.1745 in San Gil), a founder of San Gil.

~ Captain Martín Díaz Sarmiento (baptized 1633 in Moncora), who served as alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1694, married María Sánchez de Cozar and their children included: 
1. María Díaz y Cozar, whose family continues below. 
2. Feliciana Díaz y Cozar (baptized 1656 in Moncora, now Guane), who married Pablo de Rueda Rosales (died 1694), the son of Alonso de Rueda Rosales and Margarita Sarmiento. 

~ Lorenzo Felipe Benítez Galeano married Lucía de Ardila y Aponte (a.k.a. Lucía de Aponte y Miranda) on August 8, 1622 in Vélez, and their children included:
1. Catalina Benítez Galeano (baptized 1623 in Vélez), who married Juan de la Parra Cabeza de Vaca, a criollo from Tunja.
2. Baltazar Benítez Galeano (baptized 1625 in Vélez)
3. Francisca Benítez Galeano (baptized December 1, 1627 in Vélez), whose family continues below.
4. Eufemia Benítez Galeano (baptized 1631 in Vélez), who never married.

~ Juan de la Parra Cano (baptized August 14, 1625 in Azuaga, Extremadura, Spain; died c.1699 in San Gil, Colombia) came to Colombia and eventually became a "mayor of the Santa Hermandad" (keeper of the peace) in Vélez, and in 1673 was given an encomienda in Sumita, Sacane, Guacha and Taquica. He later became one of the founders of San Gil and an encomendero in Charalá. Juan married Francisca Benítez Galeano (baptized 1627 in Vélez) and their children included (order unknown): 

1. Juan de la Parra Benítez, whose family continues below.

2. Lorenzo de la Parra Benítez

3. José de la Parra Benítez (baptized 1657 in Moncora, now Guane)

4. Antonio Tomás de la Parra Benítez (born c.1657; died 1729 in San Gil), whose family continues below. 

5. Catarina de la Parra Benítez (born 1659; baptized February 6, 1662 at age 2 years, 6 months in Moncora; died August 16, 1729 in San Gil), whose family continues below.

6. Magdalena de la Parra Benítez.

7. Bartolomé de la Parra Benítez (born 1665; baptized 1666 in Moncora).

8. Francisco de la Parra Benítez (born c.1666; died 1739 in San Gil).

9. Juan de la Parra Benítez (born c.1667, another son with the same name, according to Flórez de Ocáriz).
10. Paula de la Parra Cano

Signature of Juan de la Parra Cano (1687)

~ Captain Juan de Amaya Villaroel (born in Arcos de la Frontera, Andalucía, Spain; died c.1689 in San Gil, Colombia) was a royal lieutenant at the royal mines in Bucaramanga. He married Bárbara de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1657; died before 1681). Their children included: 
1. Margarita de Amaya y Rueda (born 1672; baptized February 1, 1674 at age 1 year and 11.5 months in Guane), whose family continues below.
2. Pedro de Amaya y Rueda (born c.1675)
3. Tomás de Amaya y Rueda (born 1677; baptized 1679 in Guane), who married in 1694.
~ Juan de Amaya Villaroel also had an illegitimate daughter, Agustina de Amaya (born c.1667) 

~ Manuel Gómez Farelo was born in Portugal, came to Colombia, and married Lucía González de Azcárraga, who was born in Vélez, Colombia. Their birthplaces are mentioned in their son Pablo's will. The 20th-century historian Ramiro Gómez Ramírez falsified a backstory for Manuel and Lucía, saying they were born in Spain and settled in Girón since they were "attracted by mining veins." Their children included:

1. Pablo Gómez Farelo y González (baptized January 25, 1635 in Guane; buried June 1705 in Guane), whose family continues below.
2. Leonor Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1637 in Guane)
3. Pedro Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1639 in Guane)
4. Manuel Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1642 in Guane)

5. Juana Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1644 in Guane)
6. Lorenzo Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1648 in Guane)
7. Francisco Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1651 in Guane)
8. Lucía Gómez Farelo y González (baptized 1654 in Guane)

~ Gonzalo de Ardila, who was probably the grandson of the conquistador Pedro de Ardila, married Madalena Mejía and their children included: 
1. Juan de Ardila (died c.1715 in San Gil), whose family continues below. 
2. Gonzalo de Ardila (died c.1714 in San Gil)

~ Madalena López (born early 1600s; probably died 1655 in Chanchón, now Socorro), the mestiza daughter of a Guane Indian woman, whose children included: 
1. Ana de Ribera, whose family continues below. 
2. María de Ribera

~ Gonzalo de Pineda married Micaela de Meneses on January 10, 1660 in Chanchón (now Socorro). 18th-cenutry marriage dispensation records claimed that Micaela was the sister of Jerónima Meneses de Moreno, but I'm not aware of earlier records that clarify the Meneses family history. The children of Gonzalo and Micaela included:

1. Juana de Pineda (born 1660s; buried July 20, 1725 in Guane), whose family continues below.
2. Ana de Pineda (baptized 1665 in Chanchón)
3. Josefa de Pineda (born 1665, baptized 1666 in Chanchón)

~ José Martín Moreno (died c.1696 in San Gil), an exploitative slave owner who did not know how to write, was married for 26 years to Leonor Gómez. They had eight children, including Manuel, Pedro, Juana, Madalena, Francisca, Ana, and Luisa Moreno. 
~ After his first wife died, José married Jerónima Meneses on September 5, 1673 in Chanchón (now Socorro). 18th-cenutry marriage dispensation records claimed that Jerónima was the sister of Micaela Meneses de Pineda, but I'm not aware of earlier records that clarify the Meneses family history. José Moreno and Jerónima Meneses had 10 children: 
1. Cristóbal Moreno Meneses, who died young. 
2. Josefa Martín Moreno Meneses (born 1675, baptized April 5, 1676 in Chanchón at age 6 months; died c.1765; possibly buried June 6, 1765 in Socorro?), whose family continues below.
3. Manuel Moreno Meneses (born 1677; baptized 1679 in Chanchón)
4. Cristóbal Moreno Meneses, a second son with the same name. 

5. Lorenza Moreno Meneses 
6. Manuela Moreno Meneses 
7. María Moreno Meneses (baptized 1682 in Chanchón) 
8. Teresa Moreno Meneses 
9. Inés Moreno Meneses 
10. Juana María Moreno Meneses

~ Felipe de Arenas married María de los Ángeles y Porras, who may descended from María de los Ángeles, the daughter of conquistador Juan de Castro, who went on Federman's expedition to Colombia (1536-1539) and Beatríz Osorio. Felipe and María had at least one son: 
1. Bernardo de Arenas (died 1704 in San Gil, Colombia), whose family continues below. 

~ José Antonio Márquez de la Plata y Arévalo (born 1645? in Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain) was described as five years old in the 1650 will of his father, Pedro Márquez Rivadeneira (Source), although most published genealogies claim he was born c.1629. José Antonio and his brother added "de la Plata" (Silver) to their last name, although it's unclear whether historian Horacio Rodríguez Plata is right by claiming it was because José Antonio was a silversmith. José Antonio married Ana María Domínguez (although probably later than the published date of 1659) in Sevilla and their children included:

1. Francisco Félix de la Plata y Domínguez (born c.1660s in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Andalucía, Spain; died 1730 in Socorro, Colombia), who's said in published genealogies to have been born in 1661 but that's not likely given his father's age. He came to Colombia in 1682 and his family continues below.

~ Juan Serrano Solano and Francisca Jaimes Calderón (died 1696) married on July 21, 1632 in Pamplona and lived in the tiny town of Guaca, Santander, Colombia. In 1663, Juan was listed as a leader of Guaca's hermandad de Nuestra Señora de Socorro, a religious group that venerated a local painting of the Virgin Mary. It's unclear whether Juan was related to the Serrano Cortés family of Pamplona, Vélez, and Socorro. As mentioned above, Francisca was probably a granddaughter of the conquistador Cristóbal Jaimes and the immigrant Juan Calderón de la Barca. The children of Juan and Francisca included: 
1. Juan Serrano Solano, whose will written in Pamplona in 1688 provides evidence about this family. 
2. Diego Serrano Solano, whose probable family continues below. 
3. Alonso Serrano Solano

~ Captain Pedro de Uribe Salazar (baptized 1609 in Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain) probably came to Colombia in the 1620s and married Ana de Sanabria Pavón on January 8, 1631 in Vélez, Colombia. The last name Uribe is Basque, stemming from two Euskera words, "behe" (lower part) and "uri" (town). The more famous Uribe family of Antioquia stems from a different Basque ancestor, Martín de Uribe Echaverría (born 1656), and their descendants include General Rafael Uribe Uribe and President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Pedro's last name "de Uribe Salazar" was a fanciful attempt to link his lineage with the noble Salazar families of Bizkaia and Navarra. Pedro and Ana had at least seven children, including: 

1. Diego de Uribe Salazar (baptized 1635 in Moncora) 

2. Antonia de Uribe Salazar, whose family continues below. 

3. Pedro de Uribe Salazar, whose family continues below. 
4. Juana de Uribe Salazar (died c.1702 in San Gil), who married Juan Martínez de Aparicio.

~ Pedro Gómez de Orozco y Sotomayor married Ana Gorraiz y Deza (baptized 1619 in Vélez) and their children included:

1. Adrián de Orozco Gorraiz, whose family continues below.

~ Alonso de Sotomayor Garzón de Tahuste and Ana Blasco married in 1640 in Bogotá and their children included: 
1. María Ana de Sotomayor y Blasco, whose family continues below. Genealogías de Santa Fé de Bogotá says that María Ana's parents were Spaniards, but that is based on an erroneous 1809 genealogy of the Acevedo family, mentioned further below. 

2. Felisiana de Sotomayor, who married José de Rueda Sarmiento (c.1635 - c.1702), and whose children were the de Rueda Sotomayor family. 

~ Juan Baptista de los Reyes Jiménez married in 1642 Margarita Rincón Maldonado, who was born in Tunja, according to Flórez de Ocáriz. Their children included: 

1. Juan Baptista de los Reyes Rincón, whose family continues below.

~ Pedro Pinto Camargo (born in Sevilla) married Leonor Marroquín de la Puebla, who was a widow by 1678. Pedro was possibly the man of the same name who was an ensayador (coin assayer) in Bogotá's Casa de la Moneda in 1677, and Flórez de Ocáriz claimed that Pedro's father held a similar position in Sevilla. The children of Pedro and Leonor included: 

1. Ana Pinto Camargo Marroquín de la Puebla, whose family continues below.

~ Juan [Buenaventura?] Ferreira married Catalina Gómez Romano y Sarmiento (baptized 1646 in Moncora), whose children included: 

1. Juan Buenaventura Ferreira (bapt. Feb. 1, 1674 in Guane at age 2 years and 5 months), whose family continues below. 

~ After Juan's death, Catalina married Diego de Uribe Salazar (baptized 1635 in Moncora)

~ Gregorio Tello de Mayorga, of whom I am making the major assumption that he was Gregorio de Mayorga y Castillo, the son of Juan Tello de Mayorga and Catalina del Castillo y Angulo, as listed by Flórez de Ocáriz. If he wasn't, my ancestor Gregorio was probably a close relative. In any case, my Gregorio married Margarita Martínez de Ponte y Rueda, and their children included: 

1. Casilda Tello de Mayorga, whose family continues below.

Fifth Generation

Ceibas dating from the early 1700s in Parque El Gallineral in San Gil, Colombia.

~ Bernardo de Rueda Sarmiento (born c.1646; died 1720 in San Gil), an exploitative slave owner who signed San Gil's founding petition in 1688, married his cousin Cecilia Sarmiento (born 1661; baptized 1664 in Moncora). He served as the alcalde ordinario mas antiguo of San Gil in 1690. Some published sources erroneously say Bernardo was the son of Nicolás de Rueda y Sarmiento and Gabriela Sarmiento y Cozar, but that Bernardo was born around 1686. The children of Bernardo and his wife Cecilia included:

1. Alonso de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1678, baptized September 10, 1680 at age 2 in Guane; died January 5, 1721 in San Gil), whose family continues below.

2. Juan de Rueda Sarmiento, who married Ana María Gómez Farelo y Pineda (died 1727 in Guane) in 1704 in Guane.

3. Josefa de Rueda Sarmiento (died 1728 in Guane), who married Juan Gómez Farelo y Pineda (1677-1762) in 1704 in Guane. They were the 4th-great-grandparents of the Count of Cuchicute José María de Rueda y Gómez (1871-1945)

4. Miguel de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1681, baptized 1683 in Guane)
5. Juan Manuel de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1682, baptized 1683 in Guane), who may be "Juan" listed above. 

6. Cristóbal Javier de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1686, baptized April 2, 1687 at age 1 in Guane; buried June 15, 1747 in Guane), whose family continues below. In Volume 8 of Genealogías de Santa Fé de Bogotá, Cristóbal is falsely listed as the son of Alonso de Rueda Rosales, because Alonso had another son named Cristóbal, born about 40 years earlier.
7. Marcelo de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1689, baptized 1692 in San Gil; died 1758 in Guane)
8. Lucía de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1691, baptized 1692 at age 1 year and 5 months in Guane), whose family continues below. 

~ Gabriel Ángel Ortíz Navarro (born c.1649 in Sevilla, Andulcía, Spain; buried March 7, 1723 in San Gil), who served as the alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1708, first married Juana Gómez Romano, and their children included: 
1. Juan Victor Ortíz Navarro (baptized 1672 in Guane)

2. Francisca Gabriela Ortíz Navarro (baptized April 6, 1687 in Guane; buried February 2, 1756 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

3. Rosa Ortíz Navarro, whose family continues immediately below.

~ Nicolás de Rueda Rosales (c.1657-c.1715), a founder of San Gil, married Rosa Ortíz Navarro, and their children included: 

1. Francisco de Rueda Rosales (died c.1777 San Gil), whose family continues below.

~ Pablo Gómez Farelo (baptized January 25, 1635 in Guane; died 1705 in Guane) and Juana de Pineda (born 1660s; died 1725 in Guane) married on July 18, 1677 in Guane and their children included:
1. Juan Gómez Farelo y Pineda (baptized 1678 in Guane; died 1762 in Socorro) was first married in 1704 in Guane to Josefa de Rueda Sarmiento (died 1728 in Guane) and later remarried.

2. Luisa Gómez Farelo y Pineda (baptized 1683 in Guane)

3. Ana María Gómez Farelo y Pineda (born 1688; baptized 1689 in Guane; died 1727 in Guane), who married Juan de Rueda Sarmiento in 1704 in Guane.

4. Francisco Gómez Farelo y Pineda (buried June 5, 1732 in Girón), whose family continues below.
5. Bernardo Gómez Farelo

6. Jacinto José Gómez Farelo y Pineda (baptized June 13, 1697 in Girón), whose family continues below.

6. Lucía Gómez Farelo y Pineda (born 1699; baptized April 11, 1700 at age 11 months in Guane; buried October 11, 1795 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

7. Micaela Gómez Farelo y Pineda (buried October 16, 1737 in Guane), whose family continues below.

8. Pablo Antonio Gómez Farelo y Pineda (died 1766 in Barichara), a priest who led the parish of Zapatoca from 1760-1762. The historian Yoer Javier Castaño Pareja notes that Pablo was an exploitative slave owner who in 1724 bought Rosa (born c.1705), who served as his housekeeper and herded his goats. In 1750, one of Rosa's goats escaped and injured the wife of a town official in Girón, and Rosa got into an argument with the injured woman. Rosa was then captured, jailed, not offered any help from a lawyer or her priestly master, and sentenced to 10 years' exile.   

~  Manuel Gómez Romano y Sarmiento (born c.1650; died February 6, 1732 in San Gil), a founder of San Gil, and Catarina de la Parra Benítez (born 1659; died August 16, 1729 in San Gil) married on August 30, 1679 in Moncora (now Guane). Manuel served as the alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1694, 1695, 1703, and 1705 and as alcalde provincial de la Santa Hermandad in 1717. The children of Manuel and Catarina included:
1. Pedro Gómez Romano de la Parra (born c.1680; baptized 1682 in Moncora, now Guane; died 1739 in San Gil).
2. Catalina Gómez Romano de la Parra (born c.1684; baptized 1685 in Moncora), whose descendants include the politician Salvador Camacho Roldán (1827-1900).
3. Francisca Gómez Romano de la Parra (born/baptized 1685 in Moncora).
4. Pablo Gómez Romano de la Parra (born 1687; baptized September 7, 1687 at age 2 months in Moncora; buried May 15, 1773 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
5. María Gómez Romano de la Parra (born/baptized 1689 in Moncora). 
6. Diego Gómez Romano de la Parra (born c.1693 in San Gil; baptized 1697 in San Gil; died 1772 in San Gil). Among his grandchildren were the "Tribune of the People" José Acevedo y Gómez (1772-1817) and the politicians Miguel Tadeo Gómez Durán (1784) and Diego Fernando Gómez Durán (1786-1853). The historian and writer Josefa Acevedo y Tejada (1803-1861) was his great-granddaughter.
7. Ignacio Gómez Romano, who married his cousin Francisca Sarmiento.

Signatures of Manuel Gómez Romano (1713), Pablo Gómez Romano (1740), and Francisco Javier Gómez Wandurraga (c.1799)

~ Juan de la Parra Benítez possibly married Isabel Jaimes, as a 1701 notarial record from Pamplona lists "Isabel Jaimes de la Peña, widow of Juan de la Parra" receiving a mortgage from a chaplaincy founded by Juan Jaimes Bazan in honor of his father, Cristóbal Jaimes the conquistador (both seen above), which would make Isabel a likely descendant (granddaughter?) of Juan Jaimes. In any case, Juan had at least a daughter:
1. Catarina de la Parra Jaimes, whose family continues immediately below.

~ Miguel Ignacio de Aguiluz y Wandurraga, a.k.a. Miguel de Wandurraga, was of Basque origin and also spelled his name "Ubandurraga." His last names in Euskera are "Egiluz" (from hegi luze, meaning "long slope") and "Urandurraga" or "Undurraga" (meaning roughly "abundance of cliffs"). Miguel married Catarina de la Parra Jaimes, and their children included:
1. Rafaela Aguilus Wandurraga de la Parra (born c.1710 in San Gil; buried January 1780 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
2. Ignacio Javier Wandurraga de la Parra (born c.1723, baptized 1728 in San Gil)
3. Antonia Teresa Wandurraga de la Parra (born and baptized 1727 in San Gil)

4. Salvadora María Wandurraga de la Parra (baptized 1732 in San Gil)

Signature of Miguel Ignacio de Agilus y Ubandurraga, 1727 

~ Antonio Tomás de la Parra Benítez (born c.1657; died 1729 in San Gil), a founder of San Gil who served as the town's alcalde ordinario in 1711 and alcalde ordinario mas antiguo in 1713, married Margarita de Amaya y Rueda (born 1672) on January 7, 1685 in Moncora (now Guane), and they had five children: 
1. Juan de la Parra Amaya
2. Felipe de la Parra Amaya
3. Bárbara de la Parra Amaya, who married in 1718 Francisco Pradilla y Ayerbe (born 1673 in Borja, Zaragoza, Spain; died 1748 in Barichara), the founder of Barichara. One of their 12 children, José Martín Pradilla de la Parra (1720-1802), was Barichara's first parish priest. One great-grandson, Antonio María Pradilla Rueda (1822-1878), was president of the state of Santander and a minister for several Colombian presidents.
4. Francisca de la Parra Amaya, who married Juan del Castillo. 
5. María Rosa de la Parra Amaya (probably buried June 7, 1775 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.  

~ Juan de Ardila (died c.1715 in San Gil) first married Ana de Ribera on May 9, 1657 in Chanchón (now Socorro), celebrating a double wedding with Juan's brother, Gonzalo de Ardila, and Ana's sister, María de Ribera. The children of Juan and Ana included (order unknown): 
1. Alberto de Ardila y Ribera
2. María de Ardila y Ribera
3. Sebastián de Ardila y Ribera, who married María de la Parra Cano (daughter of Francisco de la Parra Cano y Benítez). 
4. Manuel de Ardila y Ribera, who married Margarita de la Parra Cano (daughter of Francisco de la Parra Cano y Benítez). 
5. Juan Gilberto de Ardila y Ribera (born c.1666, baptized 1667 in Chanchón)
6. Gertrudis de Ardila y Ribera, who married Captain Fernando de Luque y Luna. 
7. Felipe de Ardila y Ribera (born c.1669, baptized 1670 in Chanchón)
8. Juan de Ardila y Ribera (born 1671, baptized 1672 in Chanchón) 
9. Ciriaco de Ardila y Ribera (born c.1676, baptized 1677 in Chanchón) 
10. Cristóbal de Ardila y Ribera (born c.1678, baptized 1679 in Chanchón), whose family of revolutionaries continues below. 
11. Ana Magdalena de Ardila y Ribera
12. Pascuala de Ardila y Ribera, whose family continues below.
~ Juan de Ardila had a second marriage with Rosa Reina, and fathered one son, Juan José de Ardila. Juan then had a third marriage with Juana de Cardenas Zapata, resulting in four more children: Juan Cristóbal, Juan Bernardo, Juan Gerónimo, and Juana María de Ardila. 

~ Francisco Félix de la Plata y Domínguez (born c.1660s in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Andalucía, Spain; died 1730 in Socorro, Santander, Colombia) came to Cartagena in 1682, settled in Chanchón (now Socorro) in 1685 and became a military captain. In 1688 in Socorro, Francisco Félix married Josefa Martín Moreno (born 1675 in Chanchón; died c.1765 in San Gil), a.k.a. Josefa Moreno, and they had 13 children:

1. Hipólito José de la Plata Moreno (born 1690; baptized 1691 in Socorro; died 1763 in San Gil), the father of Salvador Plata y González (c.1740-1802), the richest man in Socorro. According to historian John Leddy Phelan, Salvador Plata was a reluctant leader in the Comuneros' revolt in 1781, but then enthusiastically led the party that captured Comunero leader José Antonio Galán.
2. Francisco Cayetano de la Plata Moreno
3. Simón Faustino de la Plata Moreno (born January 5, 1696; baptized August 15, 1696 at age 7 months and 10 days in Socorro; buried March 20, 1764 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
4. María Teresa de la Plata Moreno
5. Juan Bernardo de la Plata Moreno (baptized 1699 in Socorro), a twin. 
6. Pedro José de la Plata Moreno (baptized 1699 in Socorro), a twin who died young. 
7. Juana Josefa de la Plata Moreno
8. Manuel José de la Plata Moreno 
9. Francisco Matías de la Plata Moreno (born 1705; baptized June 9, 1705 at age 4 months in Socorro), whose family continues below. He was the father of a Comunero leader, Carlos José Plata Benítez, and the grandfather of another Comunero leader, José Vicencio Plata Uribe.
10. Ana María de la Plata Moreno (baptized 1708 in Socorro), a twin. 
11. Juan Antonio de la Plata Moreno (baptized 1708 in Socorro), a twin who died young.
12. Pedro José de la Plata Moreno, the father of Pablo Francisco Plata (1773-1843), a priest who signed Colombia's declaration of independence and served as the rector of the Colegio San Bartolomé and the dean of Bogotá's cathedral.
13. Pedro Antonio de la Plata Moreno (born and baptized 1712 in Socorro; died 1765 in San Gil) was the mayor of San Gil when he was stabbed to death by Pablo Mayorga, an Afro-Colombian described as "color pardo" (brown). Court documents suggest that Pedro had tried to seduce Mayorga's wife days before the stabbing. Later historians wrote that Pedro was stabbed by his own slave, which is false. Mayorga was sentenced to death in 1770 and died in jail the following year. Pedro was the grandfather of Antonia Santos Plata (1782-1819), the heroine and guerrilla leader who died for Colombia's independence, and the great-great-great-grandfather of the Conde de Cuchicute, José María de Rueda y Gómez (1871-1945). His descendants also include Presidents Eduardo Santos and Juan Manuel Santos and their families.
~ Josefa Martín Moreno outlived all but five of her children: María Teresa Plata, Juan Bernardo Plata, Ana María Plata, Pedro José Plata, and Pedro Antonio Plata. 

~ Juan Francisco Benítez married Úrsula de Quiñones (baptized 1659 in Girón; possibly died 1744 in Girón), who also went by "Úrsula Rodríguez" and "Úrsula de la Cruz," and their children included: 

1. José Benítez (born 1679; baptized October 9, 1679 at age 4 months in Girón), whose family continues below.
2. María Benítez (baptized 1683 in Girón)
3. Miguel Gerónimo Benítez (baptized 1687 in Girón)
4. Juan Benítez (baptized 1690 in Girón)
5. Simona Benítez (baptized 1691 in Girón)

~ Luis Martínez de Ponte  [or Martínez de Aponte] (born in Pravia, Asturias, Spain; died c.1696 in San Gil, Colombia) and Marcela de Rueda Sarmiento (died before 1681) married c.1658 in Moncora and had 9 children: 
1. Diego Martínez de Ponte y Rueda (c.1658-c.1710)
2. Marcelo Martínez de Ponte y Rueda 
3. Margarita Martínez de Ponte y Rueda
4. Catalina Martínez de Ponte y Rueda (baptized 1665 in Moncora)
5. María Martínez de Ponte y Rueda (baptized 1666 in Moncora)
6. Damiana Martínez de Ponte y Rueda (born 1667; baptized December 28, 1669 at age 2 years and 8 months in Moncora; died 1725 in San Gil), whose family continues below. 
7. Alonso Martínez de Ponte y Rueda (born c.1670)
8. Fernando Martínez de Ponte y Rueda 
9. Luis Martínez de Ponte y Rueda (born c.1674)

~ Juan Rodríguez Duran (born c.1631 in Garrovillas de Alconétar, Extremadura, Spain), a founder of San Gil, married Francisca de Rueda Sarmiento and their children included:
1. Cristóbal Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (born c.1654), whose family continues immediately below.

2. Juan Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (born c.1657; baptized January 6, 1659 at age 1 year and 8 months in Girón), whose family continues below. 
3. Clara Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (baptized 1660 in Girón)
4. José Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (baptized 1665 in Girón; died c.1737 in San Gil, Colombia), who married Josefa Moreno de Arroyo.

5. Domingo Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (baptized 1670 in Girón)

6. Francisco Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (baptized 1671 in Girón) 

~ Cristóbal Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (born c.1654), a founder of San Gil, married his relative María Díaz y Cozar, and their children included: 
1. María Durán y Díaz (baptized September 9, 1680 in Guane), whose family continues below. 

~ Juan Rodríguez Durán y Rueda (born c.1657), a founder of San Gil who served as the town's alcalde ordinario mas antiguo in 1709, married his cousin Damiana Martínez de Aponte y Rueda (born 1667 in Moncora; died 1725 in San Gil) and their children included:
1. Juana Rodríguez Durán y Martínez (born c.1689; baptized April 24, 1691 at age 2 years in Guane), whose family continues below. 

2. Petronila Durán y Martínez, whose family continues below.

~ Toribio González del Busto (born in Asturias) settled in Colombia and married Catarina Díaz Sarmiento (baptized 1640 in Vélez). Their children included:
1. Catalina González Díaz, whose family continues immediately below.

2. Toribio González Díaz (baptized 1662 in Girón)
3. Santiago González Díaz (born 1669; baptized April 1, 1671 at age 1 year and 10 months in Girón), whose family continues below.

4. Carlos González Díaz (baptized 1672 in Girón)

5. Eugenia González Díaz (baptized 1674 in Girón)

6. Juan González Díaz (baptized 1679 in Girón) 

7. Ana Toribia González Díaz (baptized 1681 in Girón)

~ Francisca de la Peña Montoya (who is called "Fulana Sarmiento" in another source), had at least two children, according to a 1738 marriage dispensation:

1. María de Remolina, whose children had the surname "de los Reyes."

2. José de la Prada (died c.1704 in San Gil), whose family continues immediately below.

~ José de la Prada (died c.1704 in San Gil), whose mother is mentioned in a 1738 marriage dispensation, married Teresa García de Sierra and their nine children included:

1. Miguel de la Prada García (born 1684, baptized 1686 in Girón), an exploitative slave owner who owned two enslaved adults and seven enslaved children, according to Castaño Pareja. 

2. Josefa de la Prada García (born and baptized 1686 in Girón)

3. Pedro de la Prada García (born 1688; baptized December 26, 1690 at age 2 years in Girón; buried June 25, 1768 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
4. Francisca de la Prada García
5. Raimundo de la Prada García
6. Antonio de la Prada García
7. Agustina de la Prada García
8. José de la Prada García

~ Bernardo de Arenas (died 1704 in San Gil) first married María de Zabala, the daughter of Agustín de Zabala, and they had three children:
1. Inés de Arenas, who married Juan de Uribe Franco. 
2. Felipe de Arenas Zabala, whose family continues below. 
3. Lorenzo de Arenas
After his first wife's death, Bernardo married Micaela Ponce de Mendoza, and their children included: 
4. María de Arenas Mendoza, whose family continues below. 
5. Matías de Arenas Mendoza
6. Ana de Arenas Mendoza
7. Juana de Arenas Mendoza

8. Simón de Arenas Mendoza (baptized 1699 in Oiba), who is not mentioned in his father Bernardo's will.

8. Petronila de Arenas Mendoza (baptized 1702 in Oiba)

9. Ignacio de Arenas Mendoza

~ Juan de Vesga Santiago (born in Spain, died c.1684 in Girón, Colombia) married Antonia de Uribe Salazar (died c.1695 in San Gil) on May 26, 1651 in Chanchón (now Socorro). They had nine children, order unknown:

1. Bartolomé de Vesga Santiago 
2. Juan de Vesga Santiago
3. Simón de Vesga Santiago (baptized 1665 in Chanchón)
4. Pedro de Vesga Santiago
5. Nicolás de Vesga Santiago (born and baptized 1680 in Girón)
6. Francisca de Vesga Santiago
7. María de Vesga Santiago (died c.1691-1695), whose family continues below. 
8. María Pascuala de Vesga Santiago, whose family continues below.
9. Ana de Vesga Santiago
~ After her husband's death, Antonia de Uribe married José Durán, and they had no children.

~ Pedro de Uribe Salazar married Gracia Díaz Sarmiento (baptized 1643 in Moncora; died 1733 in Girón). The previous blog entry has more information on Gracia's decades of slave-owning and selling of enslaved children. Their children included: 

1. Ana María de Uribe Salazar (baptized 1665 in Girón)

2. Francisco de Uribe Salazar (born c.1665, baptized 1667 in Girón)

3. María de Uribe Salazar (born c.1670, baptized 1671 in Girón)

4. Antonio de Uribe Salazar (born c.1672, baptized 1673 in Girón)

5. Pedro de Uribe Salazar (born c.1678, baptized 1679 in Girón)

6. Salvador de Uribe Salazar (born c.1678, baptized June 29, 1681 at age 3 years in Girón), whose probable family continues below.

7. Lorenzo de Uribe Salazar (baptized 1680 in Girón)

~ Adrián de Orozco Gorraiz apparently married María Gómez Romano y Sarmiento (baptized 1650 in Moncora), but that is based on other written genealogies, rather than primary sources. Their children are said to have included: 
1. Francisca Gómez de Orozco y Gómez Romano, whose family continues immediately below.

~ Alonso Sarmiento de Olvera (born c.1664; died 1754 in Barichara), who was a founder of San Gil and served as a regidor, married Francisca Gómez de Orozco y Gómez Romano, and their children included:

1. Margarita Sarmiento y Gómez de Orozco, whose family continues below.

2. Laura Sarmiento y Gómez de Orozco, who married Pedro de Vargas Uribe and was the mother of the independista Pedro Fermín de Vargas (1762-1811) and the great-great-grandmother of the writer Tomás Rueda Vargas (1879-1943).

2. Cecilia Sarmiento y Gómez de Orozco, who married Captain Francisco Pedro José de Vargas Machuca and was the great-great-grandmother of Salvador Camacho Roldán (1827-1900)

~ María Ortíz de Zárate (born and died in Colombia), an exploitative slave owner whose last name was Basque, and her first husband (name unknown) had at least a son: 
1. Andrés Cortés de la Peñuela (born c.1695; buried December 12, 1775 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below. 
~ María's second husband was Diego Martínez de Aponte y Rueda (c.1657-c.1710), and their children included:
2. Diego Martínez y Zárate (baptized 1695 in Guane)
3. Marcela Martínez y Zárate (baptized 1696 in Guane)
4. Agustín Martínez y Zárate (baptized 1699 in Guane) 
5. Luis Martínez y Zárate (baptized 1701 in Guane)
6. María Martínez y Zárate (died c.1772-1777), whose family continues below. 
7. Martín Martínez y Zárate (baptized 1710 in Guane; died 1774 in Guane)
~ María married her third husband, Juan de León Santana, on January 20, 1716 in Guane. Juan was fined by authorities in 1723 for hiding slaves (who were probably smuggled). Before Juan paid his fine, he had two of his slaves stolen, so María sold two of her own enslaved people, "mulatos" named Leandro and Basilio, to pay the fine. María was listed as the godmother of various San Gil children until 1736. 
~ It's possible María Ortíz de Zárate was descended from the "ancient and noble House of Zárate de Aguirre," located in the village of Vitoriano or Marquina, in the province of Álava, Spain. I discuss this further here. 

~ Domingo de Torres married Casilda de Zárate on June 12, 1678 in Chanchón (now Socorro), Colombia. Casilda may be the woman of the same name who was the daughter of Diego Ortíz de Zárate (baptized 1634 in Vélez) and Agustina de la Peñuela (a great-great-granddaughter of Bartolomé Hernández Herreño). Given their names, María Ortíz de Zárate and her children, including Andrés Cortés de la Peñuela, were possibly descended from Diego Ortíz de Zárate and Agustina de la Peñuela as well. Diego was the son of Domingo Ortíz de Zárate, who came to Colombia in 1629, making Casilda a supposed descendant of the noble Ortíz de Zárate and Salazar families, the Iberian Jiménez dynasty, and the Houses of Ayala, Ungo de Velasco, San Pelayo, Castro, and Osorio. Domingo and Casilda were probably the parents of: 
1. Angela de Torres y Zárate, whose family continues below. 

~ Diego Serrano Solano, probably the son of Juan Serrano Solano and Francisca Jaimes Calderón, married Catalina González del Busto y Díaz. Their children included: 
1. José Serrano Solano y González (born c.1681; buried January 17, 1755 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Hipólita Serrano Solano y González (born c.1682; baptized April 26, 1683 at age 8 months in Girón; probably buried February 21, 1754 in Guane), whose family continues below. 
3. Simón Serrano Solano y González (baptized February 1685 in Girón)
4. Salvadora Serrano Solano y González (baptized April 13, 1686 in Girón; buried April 10, 1758 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
5. Baltasar Serrano Solano y González (baptized March 1687 in Girón; died 1758 in Girón)
6. Ana Úrsula Serrano Solano y González (baptized April 21, 1696 in Girón; buried February 27, 1768), whose family continues below.
~ In May 2019, I found a compelling string of evidence linking the Serrano Solano family back to the medieval Calderón de la Barca family of Cantabria, Spain. I discuss this here. 

~ Juan de Acevedo Peñalosa (baptized 1628 in Pamplona) probably married María Ana de Sotomayor y Blasco. Flórez de Ocáriz mentions María Ana as the great-great-granddaughter of Francisca Inga but does not list her spouse. A 1684 document from Pamplona mentions "Juan de Peñalosa y Acevedo," the husband of María de Sotomayor, as the brother of Presbítero Francisco de Orozco Acevedo. The descendants of Juan and María Ana used the last name Acevedo or Peñalosa interchangeably in the 17th and 18th centuries, but mostly used Acevedo by the 1800s.

~ Please note that there is a prevalent and incorrect Acevedo family history that probably stems from an 1809 genealogy compiled for a distant descendant, Pedro de Acevedo y Tejada (1799-1827), who was applying to attend the Colegio del Rosario. This error-filled genealogy got copied into published sources, and more than 200 years later there is still confusion over these mistakes. The 1809 genealogy claimed that María Ana de Sotomayor's husband was "Pedro de Peñalosa Acevedo" who supposedly wrote his will on November 3, 1643 in the village of Chopo (now Pamplonita), near Pamplona. However, that was roughly around the time that María Ana was born. The 1809 genealogy also claimed María Ana's parents were "Alonso Hernández de Sotomayor and Leonor de Figueroa," who in reality were María Ana's grandfather and great-grandmother. Who knows if the supposed 1643 will and other documents presented in 1809 were copied incorrectly or were forged?

~ In any case, the children of Juan de Peñalosa Acevedo and María Ana de Sotomayor probably included:

1. Pedro de Acevedo Peñalosa y Sotomayor, whose family continues below.

2. (possibly) Josefa de Acevedo y Peñalosa, whose family continues immediately below.

~ Buenaventura Ferreira (born c.1671; baptized 1674 in Guane) married Josefa de Acevedo y Peñalosa, and their children included: 

1. Manuel Ferreira, whose family continues below.

2. Francisco Antonio Ferreira, whose 1779 will confirms the names of his parents. He married María González de Noriega and they became the great-great-great-grandparents of the immortal poet José Asunción Silva (1865-1896).

~ Juan Baptista de los Reyes Rincón married Ana Pinto Camargo Marroquín de la Puebla, and their children included: 

1. Pedro Baptista de los Reyes y Pinto Camargo, whose family continues below.

~ Pedro González de Noriega, who served as the alcade de la Hermandad of San Gil in 1694, was probably a Spanish-born brother of Bartolomé González de Noriega, another Spanish-born town official in Girón. Pedro married Casilda Tello de Mayorga, whose name also appears in sources as "Casilda Tellez de Mayorga," and who was a widow by 1736. Their children included: 

1. María González de Noriega (born c.1695; baptized 1697 in Guane), who married Francisco Antonio Ferreira, seen above.

2. Margarita González de Noriega y Tello (baptized February 2, 1698 at aged 6 months in Guane), whose family continues below.

3. Isidro González de Noriega y Tello (born and baptized 1700 in Guane)

Sixth Generation

Zapatoca, Colombia (Google Maps)

~ Alonso de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1678; died January 5, 1721 in San Gil) married Francisca Ortíz Navarro (baptized 1687 in Guane; died 1756 in Zapatoca) and they had 10 children:
1. Alonso de Rueda Ortíz
2. Bernardo de Rueda Ortíz (born c.1703; buried March 1, 1771 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

3. Angelito de Rueda Ortíz (died 1708 in Guane)

4. Gabriel de Rueda Ortíz (born c.1708, baptized 1709 in Guane)
5. Francisco Javier de Rueda Ortíz (c.1709)
6. Antonio de Rueda Ortíz (baptized 1711 in Guane; died 1776 in Zapatoca), one of the founders of Zapatoca, who served as the town's alcalde partidario and juez ordinario in 1763.

7. Esteban de Rueda Ortíz (baptized 1713 in Guane)

8. Rosa de Rueda Ortíz (baptized 1717 in Guane), who married Ignacio de Arenas.
9. María de Rueda Ortíz

10. Mathea de Rueda Ortíz (baptized 1720 in Guane)

~ Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1686; baptized 1687 in Guane; died 1747 in Guane), who owned the land where Zapatoca was founded, married Micaela Gómez Farelo y Pineda (died 1737 in Guane) on January 8, 1720 in Guane. Their children included:

1. (probably) Ignacio de Rueda y Gómez (born c.1720; still living in 1804), whose family continues below.

2. Juan de la Cruz de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born c.1725; buried October 20, 1800 in Zapatoca), whose family continues immediately below.

3. Salvador de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born November 6, 1729; baptized November 7, 1729 in Guane; buried January 12, 1796 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

4. Micaela de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (baptized 1728 in San Gil; died 1731 in San Gil)

5. (adopted?) Ignacio Javier de Rueda (born c.1729; baptized 1730 in Guane) was a 1-year-old orphan whose godparents were Cristóbal and Micaela. Perhaps this is the "Ignacio de Rueda Gómez" who testified in 1754 that he was 20 years old? He seems too young to be the husband of Francisca Linares. If there are two Ignacios, they have very similar signatures. 

6. Bernabela de Rueda y Gómez (born 1731; died 1791 in Zapatoca)

7. Joaquina Valeriana de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born April 13, 1733; baptized April 16, 1733 in Guane; buried April 26, 1819 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

8. Lucía Ana de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (baptized in 1736 in Guane)

9. Gerardo Rafael de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born 1737, baptized April 16, 1738 at age 6 months in Guane; died 1804 in Barichara), who lost his mother at birth, whose family continues below.

~ Cristóbal then married his second wife, María de Benavides, in 1739 in Guane.

Signatures of Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento (1735) and Juan de la Cruz de Rueda Gómez (1760)

~ Francisco Gómez Farelo y Pineda (died 1732 in Girón) married Salvadora Serrano Solano y González (baptized 1686 in Girón; died 1758 in Zapatoca), and their children were:
1. Juana María Gómez de Nieto
2. Pablo Gómez Farelo y Serrano
3. Josefa Gómez Farelo y Serrano (born 1715 in Guane), who married Martín Martínez y Zárate (c.1710-1774), and they were the maternal grandparents of the independista priest Pablo Francisco Plata (1773-1843).

4. Agustín Gómez Farelo y Serrano (born 1716; baptized June 30, 1717 at age 10 months in Girón; buried October 14, 1799 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

5. Lorenzo Gómez Farelo y Serrano (born August 10, 1719; baptized October 21, 1719 in Girón; buried May 14, 1778 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

6. María Paulina Gómez Farelo y Serrano (born March 22, 1722; baptized December 27, 1722 in Girón), whose family continues below.

7. Rosa María Gómez Farelo y Serrano

~ Captain Pablo Gómez Romano de la Parra (born and baptized 1687 in Moncora, now Guane; died 1773 in Barichara) was an exploitative slave owner who served as alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1720. Pablo's first wife was his older second cousin Hipólita Díaz del Castillo (born c.1675; died 1736 in San Gil), the widow of Ignacio Apolinar Hurtado de Mendoza (died 1706 in San Gil), who died childless.

~ Pablo then married in 1737 in San Gil his first cousin once removed, Rafaela Wandurraga y Parra (born c.1710 in San Gil; died 1780 in Barichara), and their children included:

1. Joaquín Antonio Juan Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1738 in Guane)

2. Pablo José Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1743 in San Gil)

3. Francisco Javier Gómez Wandurraga (baptized April 1, 1744 in Guane by the parish priest of San Gil), whose family continues below.

4. Miguel Gerónimo Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1746 in San Gil)

5. Gregorio Ángel Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1748 in Guane)

6. Manuel Fermín Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1751 in Barichara; died 1816 in Barichara), the maternal grandfather of Colombian President Aquileo Parra Gómez (1825-1900).
7. Mariana Gómez Wandurraga, whose family continues below.

8. Francisca Rafaela Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1753 in Barichara)
9. Pedro Ambrocio Gómez Wandurraga (probably died 1829 in Barichara)
10. Alejandro Gómez Wandurraga 
11. Gertrudis Gómez Wandurraga 
12. Bárbara Gómez Wandurraga 

~ Andrés Cortés de la Peñuela (born c.1695; died 1775 in Zapatoca) was a public notary whose family surnames may indicate that he is descended from Diego Ortíz de Zárate (baptized 1634 in Vélez) and Agustina de la Peñuela, who are mentioned above. In 1737 he testified that he was 42 years old. Andrés married Gregoria Díaz (buried June 26, 1758 in Zapatoca) and had at least two daughters: 

1. María Teresa Cortés Zárate (born c.1728, baptized May 22, 1729 in San Gil; buried November 2, 1777 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below. 

2. Bárbara Cortés (died 1797 in Zapatoca), who according to an 1829 marriage dispensation was Teresa's sister. I'm assuming but not certain that they had the same mother as well as father. Her family continues below.

~ José Benítez (born 1679 in Girón) married Juana Rodríguez Durán y Martínez (born c.1689; baptized 1691 in Guane) and their children included:
1. María Teresa Benítez y Rodríguez Durán, whose family continues below.

~ Simón Faustino de la Plata Moreno (baptized 1696 in Socorro; died 1764 in Barichara) and Angela de Torres y Zárate married and their children included:
1. Pedro Mauricio Plata Torres (born c.1716; buried November 10, 1750 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Juana Bautista Plata Torres (born 1719, baptized May 13, 1720 in Socorro), whose family continues below.

~ Francisco Matías de la Plata Moreno (born and baptized 1705 in Socorro) married María Teresa Benítez y Rodríguez Durán, and their children included:
1. Rosa Plata y Benítez (buried June 10, 1804 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. María Plata y Benítez (baptized 1733 in San Gil)

~ Felipe de Arenas Zabala, who served as the alférez real (royal ensign) of Girón, married María de Vesga Santiago (died c.1691-1695) and their children included: 
1. Andrea de Arenas (born 1687; baptized June 25, 1688 at age 7 months in Girón), whose family continues below. 
2. Isabel de Arenas (baptized 1691 in Socorro)

~ Santiago González y Díaz (born 1669; baptized 1671 in Girón) married María Pascuala Vesga and their children included:
1. Paula González Vesga (baptized 1696 in Girón)
2. Francisca Joaquina González Vesga (baptized 1699 in Girón)
3. Manuela González Vesga (baptized 1702 in Girón)
4. Rosalía González Vesga (buried January 19, 1775 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Pedro de la Prada García (born 1688; baptized 1690 in Girón; died 1768 in Zapatoca) married María de Arenas Mendoza (buried July 10, 1774 in Zapatoca) on January 5, 1706 in Oiba, and their children included:

1. Micaela de la Prada (born c.1707; baptized 1710 in Oiba)

2. Melchor de la Prada García y Arenas Mendoza (born 1708; baptized August 25, 1710 in Oiba at age 2 years, 6 months; buried February 7, 1789 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below. 

3. Bernarda de la Prada (born 1710; baptized August 25, 1710 in Oiba)

4. Antonio de la Prada, whose son, Pedro Alejandro de la Prada Obregón, was a wealthy cattle farmer in Socorro who helped lead the Comunero rebellion in 1781. 
5. Francisco Javier de la Prada (born 1724, baptized 1725 in San Gil)

6. Manuela de la Prada (born 1728, baptized 1729 in Guane)

~ Salvador de Uribe Salazar (probably born c.1678, baptized 1681 in Girón) married Paula de Azuero (buried April 30, 1732 in Girón) and their children likely included:
1. Catarina de Uribe Salazar (buried October 20, 1778 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Antonia Uribe Salazar (died 1792 in Zapatoca), who married Bernardo Forero (died 1793 in Zapatoca).

~ José Linares married Hipólita Serrano Solano y González (baptized 1683 in Girón; probably died 1754 in Guane) and their children included: 

1. María Sebastiana Linares Serrano (baptized 1702 in Girón)

2. Francisca Rosalía Linares Serrano (born 1710; baptized December 28, 1710 at age 7 months in Girón; buried January 4, 1781 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

3. Ana Catalina Linares Serrano (baptized 1712 in Girón)

4. Ana Petronila Linares Serrano (baptized 1715 in Girón)

5. Diego Linares Serrano (baptized 1716 in Girón)

6. Bárbara Linares Serrano (baptized 1721 in Girón)
7. Juana Linares Serrano (born 1724, baptized 1725 in Girón)

~ Pascuala de Ardila y Ribera first married Alonso Gómez Currea, the son of Ignacio Currea Betancur and Francisca Sarmiento de Olvera. 
~ The widow Pascuala de Ardila y Ribera then married Francisco Díaz Sarmiento, a probable grandson of Juan Díaz Bermúdez and Antonia Sarmiento de Olvera, and their children included:
1. Pedro José Díaz Ardila (born and baptized 1719 in San Gil)
2. Josefa Díaz Ardila (born 1721, baptized 1722 in San Gil)
3. Juana María Díaz Ardila (born and baptized 1723 in San Gil)
4. Simón Díaz Ardila (born 1725; baptized June 15, 1727 at age 1 year and 8 months in San Gil; died 1803 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Cristóbal de Ardila y Ribera (born c.1678 in Chanchón, now Socorro) became an alférez (army ensign) and married Feliciana de Archila. Their children included: 
1. Antonio de Ardila y Archila (born 1702 in Socorro; died 1763 in Socorro) married Francisca Javiera de Oviedo in 1734, and his children became very influential in Socorro. One son, Mateo de Ardila y Oviedo, served as the town clerk. Another son, José Ignacio Ardila y Oviedo, nicknamed El Zarco (Blue Eyes), led a group of butchers that controlled the town's meat trade and became known as Los magnates de la plazuela (Magnates of the little plaza). When Juan Francisco Berbeo led Socorro in the 1781 Comuneros rebellion, Ignacio Ardila became an important leader in the movement, his son Ignacio Ardila y Olarte served as Berbeo's private secretary, and Ignacio's brother, Diego Ardila y Oviedo, was appointed a captain-general of the Comuneros. (For more on the Comunero Ardilas and their circle, read The People and the King by John Leddy Phelan.)
2. Margarita de Ardila y Archila, whose son Antonio José Monsalve (born 1745 in Socorro) also became a captain-general in the 1781 Comunero rebellion. He in turn had two sons, Juan José Monsalve Fernández and José Antonio Monsalve Fernández, who were independistas executed by Spanish forces in 1816. 

~ José Serrano Solano y González (born c.1681; died 1755 in Zapatoca) was a wealthy landowner and exploitative slave owner who organized the first Mass celebrated in Zapatoca on August 30, 1739, in the "Llano de los gallos," and died following an accident on the grounds of his estate, "Santa Rosa." The genealogist Rodolfo Useche Melo found a (rather mysterious) quote by José Serrano Solano in the Archivo Nacional: "Cuando los pájaros del Río Grande salen, ¡hambre, peste o mortandad! Amigo: no fío, y vaya usted en gracia." [When the birds come out of the Río Grande, famine, plague, or death! Friend: don't trust, and go with grace.]

~ José married Lucía Gómez Farelo y Pineda (born 1699; baptized 1700 in Guane; died 1795 in Zapatoca), who in 1760 helped petition for Zapatoca to have its own priest and parish, and she mortgaged 7 of her slaves to aid the process (as noted in Isaías Ardila's "El pueblo de los Guanes"). The children of José and Lucía included:

1. Ana María Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1715 in Guane)

2. Juan Ignacio Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1717 in Guane)

3. Bernabé Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1718 in Guane)

4. Francisco Javier Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1727 in Guane)
5. María Leonarda Serrano Solano y Gómez (born 1730, baptized 1731 in Guane)

6. María Isidora Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1732 in Guane)
7. Simón Tadeo Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized April 25, 1734 in Guane; buried August 10, 1804 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
8. Francisco Javier Joaquín Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1738 in Guane)
9. Ana Joaquina Serrano Solano y Gómez (born March 10, 1740; baptized June 18, 1740 in Guane; buried November 16, 1799 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Jacinto Gómez Farelo y Pineda (baptized 1697 in Girón; died before 1740) married Ana Úrsula Serrano Solano y González (baptized 1696 in Girón; died 1768 in Zapatoca), and they were exploitative slave owners. In 1733, they mortgaged one of their slaves for 300 patacones (gold coins), according to Castaño Pareja. Their children included:

1. Bárbara Gómez Serrano (baptized Feburary 7, 1726 in Guane; died July 26, 1783 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

2. Juana Gómez Serrano (baptized 1727 in Guane)

3. Francisca Antonia Gómez Serrano (baptized 1729 in Guane)

4. María Micaela Gómez Serrano (baptized 1731 in Girón)
5. María Dorotea Gómez Serrano (baptized 1734 in Girón)

~ Once widowed, Ana Úrsula Serrano married Gabriel Martín Nieto (died 1760 in Zapatoca) on October 29, 1740 in Girón.

~ Miguel de Orejarena (born in Spain; buried December 27, 1766 in Zapatoca) had a Basque last name meaning "the property/estate of Oreja," and Oreja in turn is Spanish for "ear." Miguel migrated to Colombia and married Lucía de Rueda Sarmiento (born 1691) on May 9, 1717 in Guane. Miguel then served as alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1738. Miguel and Lucía had at least a son:  
1. Miguel de Orejarena y Rueda (born c.1718), whose family continues below.  

~ Domingo Antonio Berbeo (born in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; died 1714 in Socorro) was a slave owner who served as an alguacil mayor del Santo Oficio (chief justice of the Inquisition) and maestre de campo (militia colonel) in Socorro. The Archivo Geneal de la Nación has preserved a court case dated 1684-1686, in which Domingo sued the alcalde ordinario of Girón, Pedro de Valdúz, "for the seizure of some vessels in the port of the Sogamoso River and a cargo of sugar bound for Mompós." In turn, Valdúz imprisoned Domingo and charged him with adultery and other crimes. In his will, Domingo said he had four illegitimate children with María García de Cabrera Sandines:

1. Andrés Justino Berbeo, whose family continues below. 

2. María Josefa Berbeo

3. Angela Custodia Berbeo, who married Diego Rodríguez.

4. Ignacio José Berbeo, the father of Juan Francisco Berbeo (baptized 1729 in Socorro; died 1795 in Socorro), the leader of the Comuneros' revolt in 1781 and the main author of the Capitulations of Zipaquirá, the document that listed the Comuneros' demands to the Bogotá authorities. Historian John Leddy Phelan calls this document "the first written constitution of New Granada" and "a remarkable achievement worthy of comparison with any political document formulated in the eighteenth century in either the New or the Old World."

Signature of Juan Francisco Berbeo, leader of the Comuneros (1794)

~ Juan Martín Moreno married Margarita Mejía de Tavera on January 22, 1704 in Socorro. FamilySearch.org links to documents that seem to show that Juan is the son of Pedro Martín Moreno and Bernarda Mejía (who married on Feburary 6, 1668 in Chanchón/Socorro), and the paternal grandson of the aforementioned José Martín Moreno and his first wife, Leonor Gómez. The children of Juan and Margarita included: 

1. María Josefa Martín Moreno (baptized June 15, 1705 in Socorro at 8 days old), whose family continues below. 

2. Rosa María Martín Moreno (born c.1711; baptized 1713 in Socorro)

~ Domingo Pérez married Andrea de Arenas (baptized 1688 in Girón), and their children included: 

1. (probably) Romualdo Pérez (buried June 26, 1773 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below. 
2. José Pérez (baptized 1706 in Girón)
3. Pedro Pérez (baptized 1711 in Girón)
4. Juan Ignacio Pérez (born c.1717; baptized 1718 in Girón)

~ Pedro de Acevedo Peñalosa y Sotomayor married María Durán y Díaz (baptized 1680 in Guane), and their children included:
1. Rosa de Acevedo Peñalosa y Durán, whose son, José Vicente Plata Acevedo, was a Comunero leader.
2. Antonio de Acevedo Peñalosa y Durán (born c.1702; probably died 1790 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
3. Juan de Acevedo Peñalosa y Durán, whose family continues below.
~ In 1719, Pedro married a second time, to Lucía de Amaya de la Parra, and among their children was:
1. Pedro de Acevedo Peñalosa y Amaya (c.1724-c.1788), the paternal grandfather of José Acevedo y Gómez, the "Tribune of the People" (1772-1817).

~ Captain Pedro Baptista de los Reyes (died c.1761 in San Gil) married Petronila Durán y Martínez and their children included:
1. Francisco Baptista de los Reyes y Durán, whose family continues below.

~ Manuel Ferreira, who served as an alférez in San Gil, married Margarita González de Noriega (born c.1697 in Guane) and their children included: 
1. Casilda Ferreira de Noriega, whose family continues below.

~ Alonso Martínez de Ponte (maybe the son of Luis Martínez de Ponte?) married Petronila Sarmiento (probably a Sarmiento de Olvera descendant), according to a genealogy prepared for their great-grandson, Juan Nepomuceno Martínez y Gómez. Their children included:
1. Félix Martínez de Ponte y Sarmiento (born c.1712, according to a testimony he gave in 1779; buried October 27, 1788 in Barichara), whose family continues below.

~ Francisco de Rueda Rosales y Ortíz (died c.1777 San Gil) first married Margarita Sarmiento y Gómez de Orozco (probably died 1747 in San Gil), and their children included: 

1. Rosa María de Rueda y Sarmiento (baptized 1730 in San Gil), who married Manuel Ortíz Tello

2. María Luisa de Rueda y Sarmiento, who married Tomás Plata

3. Francisca Javiera de Rueda y Sarmiento (probably María Francisca, baptized 1737 in San Gil), who married Pedro Noriega

4. María Josefa de Rueda y Sarmiento (baptized 1734 in San Gil), who married Tomas Lamo

5. María Isabel de Rueda y Sarmiento, who married Bartolome Ferreira

6. Alberto de Rueda y Sarmiento, who married María Manuela de la Parra

7. Fernando de Rueda y Sarmiento (probably Clemente José Fernando de Rueda, born 1741; baptized 1742 in San Gil), who married Manuela Ortíz

8. Margarita de Rueda y Sarmiento

9. Gabriela de Rueda y Sarmiento (baptized December 14, 1748 in San Gil), whose family continues below.

Seventh Generation

Barichara, Colombia

~ Bernardo de Rueda Ortíz (born c.1703; died 1771 in Zapatoca) married Petronila García (buried April 2, 1758 in Zapatoca) and their children included:
1. Pablo de Rueda García (baptized April 25, 1729 in Girón), whose family continues below.

2. Paula de Rueda García (baptized 1731 in Guane)
3. Pedro Justo de Rueda García (born c.1731; baptized February 4, 1733 at age 1 year and 6 months in Guane), whose family continues below.
4. Joaquín de Rueda García (baptized 1735 in Guane)
5.  Marcos Joaquín de Rueda García (baptized 1736 in Guane)
6. Ignacio Joaquín de Rueda García (baptized 1737 in Guane)
7. Manuel José de Rueda García (baptized 1740 in Guane)
~ Bernardo remarried in 1759 in Zapatoca, to Rosa María Masías. 

~ Ignacio de Rueda y Gómez (born c.1720; still living in 1804) and his wife, Francisca Linares Serrano (baptized 1710 in Girón; died 1781 in Zapatoca), married on August 6, 1743 in Girón. Ignacio de Rueda Gómez, who served as alcalde of Zapatoca, owned a chaplaincy founded by Manuel Gómez Farelo, and in 1800 he testified that he was 80 years old. A number of marriage dispensations (like this one from 1800) said he was the son of Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento. Some descendants said Ignacio married Anastacia Rojas, but it was "Ignacio Buenaventura de Rueda" who married "Anastacia José de Rojas," and it's unclear if that's the same person. Ignacio and Francisca were married on the same day and town as Ignacio Gómez Farelo and Petronila Linares. The children of Ignacio and Francisca included:

1. Joaquín Rueda Linares (baptized 1745 in Guane)
2. Bárbara Sebastiana Rueda Linares (born 1745, baptized November 22, 1746 at age 1 year in Zapatoca; buried July 12, 1830 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Ignacio remarried on February 2, 1783 in Zapatoca, to Antonia Gómez Márquez (died 1802 in Zapatoca), and they had at least one baby who died in Zapatoca in 1788.   

~ Juan de la Cruz de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born c.1725; died 1800 in Zapatoca) was one of the region's richest businessmen, who made a fortune selling tobacco. Juan de la Cruz served as the alcalde partidario and juez ordinario of Zapatoca in 1762 and organized the construction of a road from Socorro to the Magdalena River. He then served as the alcalde ordinario of San Gil in 1773. During the Comuneros' revolt of 1781, Juan de la Cruz Rueda was named the Comunero captain of Zapatoca, probably due to his wealth and prestige. He was also probably involved in convincing the viceroy to allow the towns of Zapatoca and Girón to continue producing tobacco for the surrounding region, while tobacco monopoly officials forbade growing tobacco in the rest of Socorro province. Some say the restrictions were meant to punish the Comuneros, but the historian John Leddy Phelan shows they predated the revolt by a few years. In any case, Juan de la Cruz was accused of corruption and forced to leave his lands for a while, but his reputation was restored and he served again as the alcade of San Gil in 1786. Juan de la Cruz married Teresa Cortés Zárate (born 1728, baptized 1729 in San Gil; died 1777 in Zapatoca) on May 12, 1746 in San Gil, and their children included:
1. Gregoria Josefa Rueda Cortés
2. Joaquín Agustín Rueda Cortés (born August 28, 1748 in Guane; baptized September 8, 1748 in Guane; buried July 28, 1777 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
3. Santiago José Rueda Cortés (baptized 1750 in Guane) 
4. María Josefa Rueda Cortés
5. Ana Juliana Rueda Cortés (baptized 1757 in Zapatoca)
6. Manuel Joaquín Rueda Cortés (baptized 1759 in Zapatoca)
7. Juan José Rueda Cortés (baptized 1761 in Zapatoca)
8. Miguel María Rueda Cortés (baptized 1763 in Zapatoca)
9. Agueda Micaela Rueda Cortés (baptized 1765 in Zapatoca)
10. Eugenio José Rueda Cortés (baptized 1768 in Zapatoca), a factory owner in Zapatoca, who was the grandfather of Bishop Juan Nepomuceno Rueda Rueda of Antioquia (1823-1903) and the great-grandfather of the writer Tomás Rueda Vargas (1879-1943).
~ After Teresa's death, Juan de la Cruz de Rueda then married Lorenza Ferreira, and they had a daughter: 
11. Ana Joaquina de Rueda y Ferreira

~ Pedro Mauricio Plata Torres (born c.1716; died 1750 in Zapatoca) and María Paulina Gómez Farelo y Serrano (baptized 1722 in Girón) were third cousins who married on September 21, 1739 in Guane. Their children included:
1. María Margarita Plata Gómez (born 1740; baptized November 29, 1740 at 4 months in Guane), whose family continues below.
2. María Luisa Plata Gómez (born 1749; baptized November 1, 1749 at age 2 months in Zapatoca; buried September 30, 1794 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Gregorio Páez and Anastasia de Medina lived in Guane in the early 1700s and their children included:

1. María Páez Medina (buried November 18, 1779 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

2. Felisiana Páez Medina (baptized Janauary 2, 1714 in Guane)

~ Agustín Gómez Farelo y Serrano (born 1716 in Girón; died 1799 in Zapatoca) married Juana Bautista Plata Torres (born 1719 in Socorro) and their 11 children included:
1. Joaquín Gómez Plata, whose family continues below.
2. Juana María Gómez Plata (baptized 1748 in Zapatoca)
3. Juan Antonio Gómez Plata (baptized 1750 in Zapatoca)
4. Bárbara Gómez Plata (baptized 1753 in Zapatoca)
5. Mateo Gómez Plata (baptized 1755 in Zapatoca)
6. María de los Reyes Gómez Plata (baptized 1758 in Zapatoca)
7. Mariano Joaquín Gómez Plata (baptized 1760 in Zapatoca), the father of Bishop Juan de la Cruz Gómez Plata of Antioquia (1793-1850), the grandfather of judge Rito Antonio Martínez (1823-1889), the great-grandfather of politician and journalist Carlos Martínez Silva (1847-1903), and the great-great-grandfather of psychiatrist Maximiliano Rueda Galvis (1886-1944).
8. José Joaquín Gómez Plata (baptized 1762 in Zapatoca)
9. Ana Francisca Gómez Plata

~ Lorenzo Gómez Farelo y Serrano (baptized 1719 in Girón; died 1778 in Zapatoca) married Rosa María Plata y Benítez (died 1804 in Zapatoca) and their children included:
1. Fernando José Gómez y Plata (born 1744, baptized 1745 in San Gil)
2. Andrés Gómez y Plata (baptized 1746 in Zapatoca)
3. Lorenzo Gómez y Plata (baptized 1749 in Zapatoca)
4. María Manuela Gómez y Plata (born 1751; baptized September 5, 1751 at 3 months in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
5. Alejandro Joaquín Gómez y Plata (baptized 1754 in Zapatoca)
6. Tomás José Gómez y Plata (baptized 1757 in Zapatoca)
7. María Isabel Gómez y Plata (baptized 1758 in Zapatoca)
8. Juan Antonio Gómez y Plata (baptized 1760 in Zapatoca)
9. Rosa Bautista Gómez y Plata (born 1762; baptized November 29, 1762 at 3 months in Zapatoca), who may be the Rosa Bautista Gómez Plata listed immediately below. 
10. Vicente Apolinar Gómez y Plata (baptized 1765 in Zapatoca)
11. María Teresa Gómez y Plata (baptized 1768 in Zapatoca)

~ Lorenzo Gómez Plata married Rosa Gómez Benítez (who may be Lorenzo Gómez and Rosa Plata listed immediately above) and their children included:
1. Rosa Bautista Gómez Plata y Gómez (possibly born in 1762 in Zapatoca; buried April 9, 1839 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Romualdo Pérez (died 1773 in Zapatoca) and Bárbara Gómez Serrano (baptized 1726 in Guane; died 1783 in Zapatoca) married on January 12, 1745 in Girón and their children included:
1. Juan Antonio Pérez Gómez 
2. Gregorio José Pérez Gómez (buried November 12, 1820 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Simón Díaz Ardila (born 1725 in Guane; died 1803 in Zapatoca) and Joaquina Valeriana de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born 1733 in Guane; died 1819 in Zapatoca) married on September 9, 1751 in Guane. A 1788 document shows that Simón and Joaquina did not know how to write. They had 10 children:
1. Juana Díaz de Moros
2. María de las Nieves Díaz Rueda (buried August 22, 1824 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below. 
3. María Josefa Díaz de Acevedo
4. Mariana Díaz de Sanmiguel
5. Josefa Díaz de Mejía
6. Ignacio Díaz Rueda
7. Javier Díaz Rueda
8. Felipe Díaz Rueda (born May 30, 1774; baptized June 13, 1774 in Zapatoca; buried June 20, 1855 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
9. Bárbara Díaz Rueda 
10. Tomás Díaz Rueda
~ Simón Díaz also had two illegitimate sons: José Díaz and Gil Díaz. 

~ Simón Tadeo Serrano Solano y Gómez (baptized 1733 in Guane; died 1804 in Zapatoca), who served as the alcalde foraneo of Zapatoca in 1777, married Bárbara Cortés (died 1797 in Zapatoca) on July 18, 1755 in Barichara and their children included:
1. María Gertrudis Serrano Cortés (baptized 1757 in Zapatoca)
2. Manuel José Serrano Cortés (baptized 1758 in Zapatoca)
3. Bárbara Javiera Serrano Cortés (baptized 1761 in Zapatoca)
4. María Constanza Serrano Cortés (baptized 1767 in Zapatoca)
5. Ana Francisca Serrano Cortés (born 1775; baptized August 20, 1775 at age 6 months in Zapatoca; buried January 5, 1845 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

6. Adrián José Serrano Cortés (born and baptized 1777 in Zapatoca; died 1832 in Zapatoca)

~ Miguel de Orejarena y Rueda (born c.1718 in Colombia) was born to a Spanish father and a Colombian mother. He married Rosalía González del Busto y Vesga (died 1775 in Zapatoca) on December 8, 1743 in Simacota and their children included:
1. Ana Lucía Orejarena González (born 1748; baptized September 8, 1748 at around age 4 months in Guane; buried April 1808 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. María Petronila Orejarena González (baptized 1751 in Guane)
3. Domingo Joaquín Orejarena González (baptized 1754 in Guane)
4. Juan Manuel Orejarena González (baptized 1756 in Guane)
5. Antonio Orejarena González (baptized 1759 in Guane)

~ Andrés Justino Berbeo was an escribano (notary) who bought an hacienda in Simocota named Santa Úrsula de la Vega, along with its 14 slaves, in 1743. He married María Josefa Martín Moreno (born 1705 in Socorro) and their children included: 

1. Presbítero Domingo Antonio Berbeo (born 1724 in Socorro, died 1782 in La Palma, Cundinamarca), who studied in the Colegio de San Bartolomé in Bogotá and served as the town priest of La Palma. 

2. Juan Ignacio Berbeo (born and baptized 1727 in Socorro)

3. Francisco Antonio Berbeo (born and baptized 1729 in Socorro)

4. María Cipriana Berbeo (born and baptized 1737 in Socorro; died 1809 in Zapatoca), who married José Antonio Rueda Gómez in 1774 in Zapatoca.

5. Miguel Gerónimo Francisco Berbeo (baptized 1742 in Socorro)

6. Francisca Javiera Berbeo (born 1744; baptized January 6, 1745 in Socorro at age 3 months), whose family continues below. She referenced her father Andrés in Socorro's protocolos in 1771.

7. Micaela Berbeo, who married her first cousin, Vicente Rodríguez Berbeo, and lived in Simatoca.

~ Melchor de la Prada y Arenas Mendoza (born 1708; baptized August 25, 1710 in Oiba at age 2 years, 6 months; buried February 7, 1789 in Zapatoca) was a landowner and exploitative slave owner who helped found the town of Zapatoca in 1743. Melchor married Catarina de Uribe (buried October 20, 1778 in Zapatoca) and their children included:
1. Diego Antonio de la Prada Uribe (born 1739; baptized December 25, 1740 at age 13 months in Guane; buried June 22, 1797 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Agustín de la Prada Uribe (baptized 1743 in Guane)
3. María Josefa de la Prada Uribe (baptized 1744 in Guane) 
4. María de la Concepción de la Prada Uribe (baptized 1750 in Zapatoca), the grandmother of the patriot Marcelino Gómez Rueda (1801-1822). Marcelino, a Zapatoca native, was one of the 153 horsemen led by José Antonio Páez who defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Las Queseras del Medio (1819) in Venezuela. He died in the Battle of Bomboná (1822) in Ecuador.
5. María Teresa de la Prada Uribe (baptized 1753 in Zapatoca)
~ Only 22 days after burying Catarina, on Melchor de la Prada married his goddaughter, Josefa Márquez Wandurraga (baptized 1746 in Zapatoca; died 1813 in Zapatoca) on November 11, 1778 in Zapatoca. Their marriage was annulled four months later, but they had at least two children: 
6. María Teresa de la Prada Márquez (born October 23, 1779; baptized October 31, 1779 in Zapatoca)

7. Genasio Vicente de la Prada Márquez, whose name is spelled "Genazio" on his baptismal record (born March 13, 1787; baptized March 15, 1787 in Zapatoca)

Melchor de la Prada's signature (1753)

~ Antonio de Acevedo y Durán (born c.1702; probably buried February 19, 1790 in Zapatoca), an exploitative slave owner, and María Rosa de la Parra Amaya (probably died 1775 in Zapatoca) married in 1728 in San Gil and their children included:
1. Francisco José Acevedo y Parra (born 1729 in San Gil)
2. Pbro. José Julián Acevedo de la Parra (born 1732 in San Gil; died 1788 in Zapatoca), who served as the parish priest of Zapatoca. 
3. Antonio José Acevedo y Parra (born 1737, baptized 1738 in San Gil)
4. Margarita María Acevedo y Parra (born 1738 in San Gil)
5. Manuel Joaquín Acevedo y Parra (born 1742, baptized in May and August 1743 in Barichara by priests from San Gil), whose family continues below.
6. Juan Ignacio Acevedo y Parra (born 1742 in San Gil)
7. María Gertrudis Acevedo y Parra (baptized 1746 in San Gil; died 1783 in Zapatoca), who married Miguel de Aranda and had a family.
8. Francisco Basilio de Acevedo, who married Ana Francisca Gómez Plata. He also had three sons with María Antonia Mejía who were enslaved people emancipated in 1789: Casimiro, Félix Fernando, and Gonzalo Acevedo y Mejía.
~ Antonio de Acevedo married a second time, to Mariana Serrano in 1777 in Zapatoca.

~ Juan de Acevedo Peñalosa y Durán, whose name appears interchangeably as "Juan de Acevedo" and "Juan de Peñalosa" in records, married María Martínez y Zárate (died c.1772-1777) and their children included: 
1. Josefa María de Acevedo Peñalosa y Martínez (born 1725; baptized 1726 in San Gil)
2. Diego de Acevedo Peñalosa y Martínez (born and baptized 1728 in San Gil)
3. Juan Antonio Joaquín de Acevedo Peñalosa y Martínez  (baptized April 1, 1736 at age 3 months in San Gil; died before 1772), whose family continues below.
4. José Joaquín de Acevedo Peñalosa y Martínez (baptized 1739 in Guane)

~ Francisco Baptista de los Reyes Durán married Casilda Ferreira González de Noriega (died 1803 in Aratoca) around 1736 in San Gil. Their 1736 marriage dispensation is a valuable document that untangles some of the earliest generations of Moncora's and San Gil's Hispanicized settlers. It's the upside of Francisco and Casilda sharing two great-grandparents and five total great-great-grandparents! Their children included: 

1. Josefa de los Reyes Ferreira (baptized April 1, 1744 in San Gil at age 4 months; buried September 23, 1814 in La Robada/Galán), whose family continues below.

~ María Ferreira (born c.1700?; died 1783 in Barichara), a presumed descendant of Juan Ferreira and Catalina Gómez Romano, was first married to Diego Martínez de Aponte, likely the son of Diego Martínez and María Ortíz de Zárate, and their children included:

1. María Josefa Martínez y Ferreira (born 1719; baptized 1720 in San Gil)
2. Francisca Martínez y Ferreira
~ María Ferreira then married Juan Francisco Díaz del Castillo. He was probably a son or grandson of Francisco Díaz Sarmiento and Gertrudis del Castillo y Aviles, but it's unlikely he was their son Juan (born c.1663; baptized 1672 in Guane). The children of María and Juan Francisco included:

1. Pedro Justo Díaz Ferreira (born 1728; baptized 1731 in San Gil), who's likely the Pedro Alcántara Díaz Ferreira (died 1778 in Barichara) whose family continues below.

Isabel Margarita Díaz Ferreira (born 1730; baptized 1731 in San Gil)
2. María Tomasa Díaz Ferreira (born 1733; baptized 1734 in San Gil) 
3. Francisca Javiera Díaz Ferreira (born 1736; baptized 1737 in San Gil) 
4. María Gregoria Joaquina Díaz Ferreira (born 1741; baptized 1742 in San Gil) 

6. Ana Josefa Díaz Ferreira, whose family continues below.

~ Félix Martínez de Ponte y Sarmiento (born c.1712; died 1788 in Barichara) married Bárbara de la Parra (baptized 1725 in San Gil) on January 16, 1742 in San Gil and their children included: 

1. María Teresa Martínez de Ponte y Parra, whose family continues below.

~ Nicolás de la Parra first married Catarina Ortíz (died 1766 in Barichara) in 1747 in San Gil. Then, Nicolás married María Gabriela de Rueda y Sarmiento and had at least two children:
1. Catarina Parra (born 1768; baptized August 5, 1768 at age 6.5 months in Barichara), whose family continues below.
2. Josefa Parra, whose daughter was Bárbara de Macías


Eighth Generation
~ Pablo de Rueda García (baptized 1729 in Girón) and Joaquina Serrano y Gómez (baptized 1740 in Guane; died 1799 in Zapatoca) married on September 18, 1755 in Zapatoca and their children included:

1. Francisco Javier Rueda Serrano (baptized 1757 in Zapatoca)
2. Diego Rueda Serrano (baptized 1760 in Zapatoca)
3. José Joaquín Rueda Serrano (baptized 1763 in Zapatoca)
4. Martiniano Rueda Serrano (born c.1765; buried January 5, 1848 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
5. Bárbara Josefa Rueda Serrano (baptized 1774 in Zapatoca)
6. Vicente José Rueda Serrano (baptized 1777 in Zapatoca)

~ Pedro Justo de Rueda García (baptized 1733 in Guane) may be the captain with the same name who commanded 20 men in the Comuneros' army. He married María Margarita Plata Gómez (baptized 1740 in Guane) on November 23, 1754 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. María Manuela Rueda Plata (born c.1759; baptized April 6, 1760 at age 1 year in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Juan Francisco Rueda Plata (baptized 1764 in Zapatoca)
3. Manuel Salvador Rueda Plata (baptized 1770 in Zapatoca)
4. Lino José Rueda Plata (baptized 1772 in Zapatoca)
5. Norberto José Rueda Plata (baptized 1780 in Zapatoca)

~ Casimiro Quijano (died 1802 in Zapatoca) and María Luisa Plata Gómez (baptized 1749 in Zapatoca; died 1794 in Zapatoca) married in 1764 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Juana María Quijano Plata, who may be one of the Juanas listed below. Her family continues below.
2. Felipe Benicio Quijano Plata (baptized 1769 in Zapatoca)
3. Juana Fulgencia Quijano Plata (born and baptized on January 16, 1772 in Zapatoca)
4. Juana Josefa Quijano Plata (born January 30, 1774; baptized January 31, 1774 in Zapatoca)
5. María de los Reyes Quijano Plata (baptized 1782 in Zapatoca) 
6. Juan Vicente Quijano Plata (baptized 1784 in Zapatoca)
7. María Lorenza Quijano Plata (baptized 1786 in Zapatoca)
8. José Hipólito Quijano Plata (baptized 1788 in Zapatoca)
9. Ramón Gil Quijano Plata (baptized 1791 in Zapatoca)

~ Pedro de León Carreño (buried November 23, 1771 in Zapatoca) married María Páez Medina (died 1779 in Zapatoca). Pedro may be related to the family in Ocaña, Norte de Santander, Colombia with the same last name. The children of Pedro and María included:

1. Pablo de León (baptized March 27, 1728 at age 3 months in Guane; buried September 1802 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Ana Josefa de León Páez (baptized 1732 in Guane)
3. Laura María de León Páez (baptized 1734 in Guane)
4. Juan Cristósomo de León Páez (baptized 1736 in Guane)
5. María de los Angeles de León Páez (baptized 1739 in Guane; died 1798 in Zapatoca), who married Francisco Cirilo de Santamaría in 1757 in Zapatoca.
6. María León Páez (died 1759 in Zapatoca), who was listed on her death record as an "incapaz hija," probably meaning she was an invalid.
7. Juan José León Páez (died 1778 in Zapatoca), who married María Manuela Páez.

~ Joaquín Agustín Rueda Cortés (born 1748 in Guane; died 1777 in Zapatoca) married María Manuela Gómez Farelo y Plata (baptized 1751 in Zapatoca) on January 16, 1768 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Gregorio José Rueda Gómez (baptized 1768 in Zapatoca)
2. Luis Francisco Rueda Gómez (baptized 1770 in Zapatoca)
3. Juan Agustín Rueda Gómez (born August 29, 1772; baptized September 2, 1772 in Zapatoca; buried September 23, 1813 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

~ Joaquín Gómez Plata and Ana Lucía Orejarena González (baptized 1748 in Guane; died 1808 in Zapatoca) married in 1766 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Juana Bautista Gómez Orejarena (baptized August 11, 1772 at age 1 month in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. Hipólito José Gómez Orejarena (baptized 1778 in Zapatoca)
3. Ana Inés Gómez Orejarena (baptized 1780 in Zapatoca)
4. Antonio José Gómez Orejarena (baptized 1781 in Zapatoca)
5. Gregorio Gómez Orejarena (baptized 1783 in Zapatoca)
6. Pablo Gómez Orejarena (baptized 1789 in Zapatoca), the paternal grandfather of Dr. Victor Aurelio Gómez Suárez (1870-1956) who served in Zapatoca's hospital. 
7. Ana Petronila Gómez Orejarena (baptized 1793 in Zapatoca)

~ Salvador de Rueda y Gómez Farelo (born 1729 in Guane; died 1796 in Zapatoca) married Francisca Javiera Berbeo (born 1744 in Socorro), the first cousin of the Comunero leader Juan Francisco Berbeo, on April 27, 1762 in Simatoca, and their children included:
1. María Josefa de Rueda Berbeo, whose family continues below.
2. Antonio Julián de Rueda Berbeo (baptized 1764 in Zapatoca)
3. Bartolomé Joaquín de Rueda Berbeo (baptized 1765 in Zapatoca)
4. María Gertrudis de Rueda Berbeo (baptized 1771 in Zapatoca)
5. Andrés José de Rueda Berbeo (born 1773; baptized June 13, 1773 at age 2 months in Zapatoca; buried March 20, 1849 in Zapatoca), a twin brother, whose family continues below.
6. Vicente Javier de Rueda Berbeo (born 1773; baptized June 13, 1773 at age 2 months in Zapatoca), a twin brother, whose family continues below.
7. Juan Javier de Rueda Berbeo (baptized 1775 in Zapatoca)

~ Diego Antonio de la Prada Uribe (born 1739 in Guane; died 1797 in Zapatoca) and Bárbara Rueda Linares (born 1745, baptized 1746 in Zapatoca; died 1830 in Zapatoca) married on November 27, 1761 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Felipe Santiago de la Prada Rueda (baptized 1766 in Zapatoca) 
2. Juana María Salomé de la Prada Rueda (baptized 1768 in Zapatoca)
3. Carlos José de la Prada Rueda (died 1818 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
4. María Ignacia Reyes de la Prada Rueda (born January 5, 1780; baptized January 7, 1780 in Zapatoca; buried January 9, 1848 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
5. Juan Vicente de la Prada Rueda (baptized 1784 in Zapatoca) 
6. José María de la Prada Rueda (baptized 1786 in Zapatoca; died 1862 in Betulia), who co-founded the town of Betulia, Santander, Colombia in 1844. 
7. Bárbara Vicenta de la Prada Rueda (baptized 1788 in Zapatoca)

~ Gerardo Rafael de Rueda Gómez (born 1737 in Guane; died 1804 in Barichara) signed a petition in 1800 to make Barichara a separate town from San Gil. He married Ana Josefa Díaz Ferreira and their children included:
1. Gil José de Rueda Díaz (baptized 1758 in Barichara)
2. Francisco Javier de Rueda Díaz (born 1759; baptized November 6, 1759 at age 10 months in Barichara), whose probable family continues below.
3. Juan de la Cruz de Rueda Díaz (baptized 1767 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
4. Ignacia Rueda Díaz (died 1825 in Barichara), who married Manuel Fermín Gómez Wandurraga (c.1751-1816) in 1780 in Barichara and became the maternal grandmother of President Aquileo Parra (1825-1900). In his memoir, Aquileo Parra remembers his mother saying that her great-grandfather Rueda married the daughter of a Guane cacique, but that seems to be a falsehood since her great-grandfather Rueda was Cristóbal de Rueda Sarmiento (1686-1747),  who married Micaela Gómez Farelo. It may reflect a more distant family story, because, as said above, Cristóbal's father married a matrilineal descendant of the Cacique Guanentá, and Cristóbal also had a mestiza great-great-grandmother, Beatriz de Torres, who was probably related to the Muisca cacique of Turmequé.

5. Francisco Javier de Rueda Díaz (born circa January 1770; baptized April 3, 1771 at age 1 year and 4 months in Barichara) [Note: second son with same name. My ancestor Francisco Javier married in 1783, and was probably not 13 years old.]
6. José Cristóbal de Rueda Díaz (baptized 1772 in Barichara; died 1846 in La Robada, now Galán), whose family continues below.
7. Gabriel Ángel de Rueda Díaz (baptized 1774 in Barichara)
8. Mariana Rueda Díaz, who married Francisco Pradilla Silva (1785-1859). 
9. Ignacio Rueda Díaz, who married Encarnación Parra, was described in the memoir of his great-nephew Aquileo Parra as a royalist and a haughty and cruel man. Around 1808 Ignacio Rueda developed such a bitter rivalry with fellow landowner Gonzalo Carrizosa that he threatened Gonzalo's tenants with the garrote and caused Gonzalo to flee to Bogotá. Through the efforts of close relatives, Ignacio Rueda received a pardon from Francisco de Paula Santander, which saved him from major legal repercussions. 

~ Manuel Joaquín Acevedo married on January 7, 1769 in Barichara to Josefa de los Reyes Ferreira (baptized 1744 in San Gil; died 1814 in La Robada/Galán). Unfortunately, Josefa's parentage is established by a record of her selling in 1805 a 14-year-old enslaved girl named Francisca, who had belonged to her mother, Casilda Ferreira de Noriega. The children of Manuel and Josefa included:

1. Juana María Josefa Acevedo de los Reyes (baptized 1770 in Zapatoca)
2. Elvira Acevedo de los Reyes (born 1772; baptized February 24, 1773 at age 6 months in Zapatoca; buried December 2, 1803 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
3. Gregorio Joaquín Acevedo de los Reyes (baptized 1774 in Barichara)
4. José Miguel Acevedo de los Reyes (baptized 1780 in Barichara)

~ Juan de la Cruz de Rueda Díaz (baptized 1767 in Barichara) married Catarina de la Parra and his children included: 

1. Francisco Javier de Rueda y Parra (baptized January 30, 1786 in San Gil at age 6 months), whose family continues below.
2. María Rosalía de Rueda Parra (born 1787 in San Gil)

3. Eugenio Rueda Parra 
4. Juliana Rueda de Gómez
5. Joaquina Rueda de Otero
6. Casimira Rueda de Gómez

~ Joaquín Rueda married Teresa Galvez / Galvis (possibly died 1822 in Barichara, as a widow). It's possible that Joaquín is "Jph. Joachin Rueda" who was baptized in 1763 in San Gil, the son of José de Rueda Sotomayor and Bernarda Sarmiento, the grandson of Cristóbal de Rueda Sotomayor, and the great-grandson of José de Rueda Sarmiento and Felisiana de Sotomayor (direct descendant of the Incas).  

In any case, the children of Joaquín and Teresa included:

1. José Gabino Rueda Galvez (born 1780, baptized 1781 in San Gil)

2. Dolores Rueda Galvez, whose family continues below.

3. (probably) María Ignacia Rueda Galvez, who married her relative Lucas José Afanador Delgado in 1809 in Cabrera. Her parents were listed as "Joaquín de Rueda Sarmiento" and "María Teresa de Galvis."

4. José Raimundo Rueda Galvez (baptized 1793 in Barichara)
5. José Joaquín Rueda Galvez (baptized 1794 in Barichara; died 1803 in Barichara)

~ Juan Antonio Acevedo y Martínez (born 1736 in San Gil; died by 1772) married Mariana Gómez Wandurraga and they had at least a daughter:
1. María Manuela Acevedo Gómez (baptized May 12, 1767 in Barichara), whose family continues below.

~ Pedro Alcántara Díaz Ferreira (born 1728?; died 1778 in Barichara) married María Teresa Martínez de Aponte y Parra in 1767 in San Gil. María Teresa's parents were probably Félix Martínez de Ponte y Sarmiento and Bárbara de la Parra y Durán (born 1725), and her probable great-grandparents included the regidor Alonso Sarmiento de Olvera (c.1664-1754) and Antonio Tomás de la Parra Cano (c.1657-1729). The children of Pedro and María Teresa included (order unknown): 
1. Pedro José Díaz Martínez (born October 12, 1768; baptized October 2o, 1768 in San Gil; buried July 10, 1841 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
2. Juan José Díaz Martínez (baptized 1771 in Barichara)
3. María Díaz Martínez de Rueda
4. Ignacio Díaz Martínez
5. Santos Díaz Martínez

~ Francisco Javier Gómez Wandurraga (baptized 1744 in San Gil), an exploitative slave owner, had a farm in "Agua-Blanca," near Barichara. In 1772, Francisco Javier bought from Francisco Basilio de Acevedo two slaves who had originally belonged to his father, Pablo Gómez Romano. The enslaved people were Bárbara (born c.1738) and her daughter Candelaria. Francisco Javier only paid half of the price of 300 pesos for the enslaved people, and after Acevedo's death he was sued by Mariano Joaquín Gómez Plata, Acevedo's brother-in-law. The lawsuit dragged on for 12 years, until Francisco Javier's farm and belongings were confiscated by authorities in 1799. Francisco Javier spent at least another decade in court trying to reclaim his property. Gómez Plata said in a 1798 court document that Francisco Javier was "a brooding, litigious, and chimeric man towards everyone."
Francisco Javier married María Antonia de Rueda and their children included: 
1. Teresa Gómez Rueda (buried July 9, 1838 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
2. María Ignacia Gómez Rueda (baptized 1770 in Barichara)
3. José Manuel Gómez Rueda (baptized 1772 in Barichara)
4. Ignacio Javier Gómez Rueda (baptized 1774 in Barichara)
5. José Joaquín Gómez Rueda (baptized 1778 in Barichara)
6. María Luisa Gómez Rueda (baptized 1780 in Barichara)

~ Martín Gómez Romano, possibly the son of Manuel Gómez Romano and Catarina de la Parra Benítez, married in the 1720s Manuela Tello de Mayorga, the probable descendant of conquistador Francisco de Mayorga and his son Juan de Mayorga, another conquistador who married María de Cazalla y Tello. Their story is mentioned above.

Manuela Tello de Mayorga, my ancestor whose children with Martín Gómez Romano included:

1. José Martín Gómez Tello (buried January 21, 1811 in Barichara, may be "Joseph" listed below). His family continues below.
2. Pedro Dionisio Gómez Tello (baptized 1729 in San Gil; died c.1773 in San Gil)
3. Juana Lucía Gómez Tello (born 1735 in San Gil)
4. Francisco Javier Gómez Tello (born 1737, baptized 1739 in San Gil)
5. Paula Cecilia Gómez Tello de Uribe (baptized 1739 in San Gil) 
6. Juan Agustín Gómez Tello (born 1741 in San Gil; died 1807 in Barichara)
7. Joseph Gómez Tello (born 1745, baptized April 14, 1746 at age 1 year in San Gil)
8. María Manuela Gómez Tello (baptized 1752 in Barichara; died 1820 in Barichara)

~ Tomás Masías (died c.1781) and María Rosalía Díaz married on August 13, 1754 in Barichara, and their children included:
1. Manuel Masías Díaz (baptized 1755 in Barichara)
2. María Lucía Masías Díaz (baptized December 15, 1757 in Barichara; died 1798 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
3. Luis José Masías Díaz (baptized 1761 in Barichara)
4. Juan Antonio Masías Díaz (baptized 1763 in Barichara)
5. José Apolinar Masías Díaz (baptized 1766 in Barichara)

~ Carlos Joaquín Gómez (possibly died 1830 in Zapatoca) and his relative Nieves Díaz Rueda (died 1824 in Zapatoca) married on October 6, 1774 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Ana Santiaga Gómez Díaz (baptized 1775 in Zapatoca) 
2. María Josefa Gómez Díaz (buried July 13, 1816 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
3 & 4. Ana Francisca & María de los Reyes Gómez Díaz (twins, baptized 1780 in Zapatoca) 
5. Ana Juliana Gómez Díaz (baptized 1781 in Zapatoca) 
6. Santiago José Gómez Díaz (born 1782 in Zapatoca; baptized 1783 in Zapatoca; died 1868 in Zapatoca) fought for Colombia's independence as a major in the army of Antonio Nariño, and took part in the victories at Calibio and Tacines in 1814. For his service, Santiago received a gold medal and a fancy sword from the Liberator, Simón Bolívar.   
7. María Teresa Gómez Díaz (baptized 1784 in Zapatoca)  

8. Juana Margarita Gómez Díaz (baptized 1787 in Zapatoca)  

9. Juana Francisca Gómez Díaz (baptized 1792 in Zapatoca)

10. José Manuel Gómez Díaz (baptized 1795 in Zapatoca)

11. María Domitila Gómez Díaz (baptized 1798 in Zapatoca) 

12. Paubla María Marcela Gómez Díaz (baptized 1801 in Zapatoca) 

Barichara's monument to Simón Bolívar

Ninth Generation
~ Martiniano Rueda Serrano (born c.1765; died 1848 in Zapatoca) and Juana María Quijano Plata (died 1806 in Zapatoca) married on April 11, 1788 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Juan de la Cruz Rueda Quijano (baptized November 24, 1791 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. María de la Cruz Rueda Quijano (baptized 1800 in Zapatoca)
3. Jesús Damiano Rueda Quijano (baptized 1802 in Zapatoca) 
4. Tomás José Rueda Quijano (baptized 1805 in Zapatoca)
~ As a widower, Martiniano Rueda then married the widow Manuela Rueda Plata (seen below) in 1807 in Zapatoca.

~ Pablo de León (baptized 1728 in Guane; died 1802 in Zapatoca) and Manuela Rueda Plata (baptized 1760 in Zapatoca) married on April 25, 1779 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. José Joaquín León Rueda (baptized 1780 in Zapatoca)
2. Gertrudis Salomé León Rueda (baptized 1781 in Zapatoca)
3. Ana Josefa León Rueda (baptized 1783 in Zapatoca)
4. María Petronila León Rueda (baptized 1788 in Zapatoca)
5. Antonina María León Rueda (born and baptized on September 2, 1790 in Zapatoca; buried Feburary 27, 1859 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
6. Juan José Cayetano León Rueda (baptized 1792 in Zapatoca)
7. Francisco José León Rueda (baptized 1797 in Zapatoca)
~ Manuela Rueda probably married the widower Martiniano Rueda (seen above) in 1807 in Zapatoca.  

~ Gregorio José Pérez Gómez (died 1820 in Zapatoca) married Rosa Bautista Gómez Plata y Gómez (died 1839 in Zapatoca) on September 29, 1783 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Ana María Inés Pérez Gómez (baptized 1785 in Zapatoca)
2. Nicolás José María Pérez Gómez (baptized 1788 in Zapatoca)
3. Paulina Josefa Pérez Gómez (baptized 1791 in Zapatoca)
4. Juana de la Cruz Pérez Gómez (baptized 1794 in Zapatoca)
5. Juan Antonio Cirilo Pérez Gómez (born July 8, 1797; baptized July 10, 1797 in Zapatoca; buried October 5, 1867 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
6. Venancio José Francisco Pérez Gómez (baptized 1801 in Zapatoca)

~ Felipe Díaz Rueda (born 1774 in Zapatoca; died 1855 in Zapatoca) and Francisca Serrano Cortés (born 1775 in Zapatoca; died 1845 in Zapatoca) married in March 1803 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Isidora Díaz Serrano (born April 3, 1806; baptized April 4, 1806 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

2. Pastora Díaz Serrano (born c.1815; died 1895 in Bucaramanga)

3. Dominga Díaz Serrano, who lived in Betulia.

4. Vicente Díaz Serrano, who lived in Zapatoca.

~ Juan Agustín Rueda Gómez (born 1772 in Zapatoca; died 1813 in Zapatoca), an exploitative slave owner who in one 1801 record sold a 10-year-old boy, married Juana Bautista Gómez Orejarena (born 1772 in Zapatoca) and their children included:
1. Pablo Antonio Rueda Gómez (baptized 1797 in Zapatoca)
2. Juan Ramón Rueda Gómez (born August 28, 1799; baptized August 31, 1799 in Zapatoca; buried August 5, 1871 in La Robada [Galán]), whose family continues below.

3. Ana Joaquina Rueda Gómez (died 1881 in Zapatoca)
3. María Rita Rueda Gómez (baptized 1805 in Zapatoca)
4. Ana de Jesús Rueda Gómez (baptized 1811 in Zapatoca)
5. José Antonio Rueda Gómez (baptized 1813 in Zapatoca)
6. Plácida Rueda Gómez, who married her relative Martín Rueda Prada, seen below, in 1834 in Zapatoca.

~ Vicente Javier Rueda Berbeo (born 1773 in Zapatoca) and María Ignacia Prada Rueda (baptized 1780 in Zapatoca; died 1848 in Zapatoca) married on January 11, 1797 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. María Isabel Rueda Prada (born July 15, 1798; baptized July 16, 1798 in Zapatoca; buried January 13, 1880 in La Robada [Galán]), whose family continues below.
2. Bartolomé Joaquín Rueda Prada (baptized 1808 in Zapatoca)
3. Martín Rueda Prada, who married his relative Plácida Rueda Gómez, seen above, in 1834 in Zapatoca. 

~ Cristóbal Rueda Díaz (baptized 1772 in Barichara; died 1846 in La Robada [Galán]) and Elvira Acevedo de los Reyes (born 1772 in Zapatoca; died 1803 in Barichara) married on January 11, 1797 in Barichara and their children included:
1. Vicente Rueda Acevedo, whose family continues below.
2. Melchor Rueda Acevedo (born c.1802; died January 9, 1879 in La Robada [Galán]; buried January 10, 1879 in La Robada), whose family continues below.
3. José Antonio Rueda Acevedo
4. Benito José Sinforoso Rueda Acevedo (born c.1803; died 1803 in Barichara, 17 days after his mother) 
~ Cristóbal, after the death of Elvira, married Ignacia Castillo, who survived him. 

~ Francisco Rueda Parra (born 1785 in San Gil) married Dolores Rueda Galvez and their children included:
1. María Domitila Rueda Rueda (baptized 1803 in Barichara)
2. Gertrudis Rueda Rueda (died 1840s), whose family continues below.
3. María de los Reyes Rueda Rueda (baptized 1812 in Barichara)
4. María Nepomucena Natalia Rueda Rueda (baptized 1814 in Barichara; died 1866 in Barichara)
5. Juan de Dios Rueda Rueda (baptized 1816 in Barichara)

6. José Ignacio Atanacio Rueda Rueda (born and baptized 1822 in Barichara; died 1829 in Barichara)

7. Juan de Dios Cornelio Rueda Rueda (baptized 1823 in Guane)
8. Bartolomé Ceferino Rueda Rueda (baptized 1826 in Barichara)
9. María Praxedes Rueda Rueda (baptized 1829 in Barichara)

~ Francisco Javier de Rueda Díaz, who was the mayor of Barichara in 1794, married Manuela Acevedo Gómez (baptized 1767 in Barichara) on December 22, 1783 in Barichara. Their children included:
1. José Diego Rueda Acevedo (baptized 1784 in Barichara)
2. Pedro Antonio Rueda Acevedo (baptized April 8, 1787 at age 4 months in Barichara; buried April 3, 1863 in Guane), whose family continues below.
3. Juana María Rueda Acevedo (baptized 1789 in Barichara)
4. Ignacio Javier Rueda Acevedo (baptized 1790 in Barichara)
5. Carlos José Rueda Acevedo (baptized 1791 in Barichara)
6. Facundo Rueda Acevedo

~ Pedro José Díaz Martínez (born 1768 in San Gil; died 1841 in Barichara) and Teresa Gómez Rueda (died 1838 in Barichara) married on September 26, 1792 in Barichara and had 15 children, including:
1. Rosaura Díaz Gómez (buried May 11, 1847 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
2. Manuela Díaz Gómez de Gómez
3. Narciso Díaz Gómez
4. Facundo Díaz Gómez
5. Mario Díaz Gómez
6. Merardo Díaz Gómez
7. Leonor Díaz Gómez
8. Ignacio Javier Martín Díaz Gómez (baptized 1804 in Barichara)
9. Fermina Díaz Gómez (baptized 1809 in Barichara)
10. Indalecio Nazario Díaz Gómez (baptized 1812 in Barichara)
11. Gorgonio Díaz Gómez
12. Ricardo Díaz Gómez (died 1829 in Guane)
13. María del Carmen Díaz Gómez
14. Nicanor Díaz Gómez
~ After the death of Teresa, Pedro married Ana María Gómez. 

~ José Martín Gómez Tello (died 1811 in Barichara) and María Lucía Masías Díaz (baptized 1757 in Barichara; died 1798 in Barichara) married on December 30, 1775 in Barichara, and their children included:
1. José Joaquín Gómez Masías (baptized 1779 in Barichara)
2. Juan Francisco Pio Gómez Masías (born May 4, 1781 in Barichara; baptized May 9, 1781 in Barichara; buried March 8, 1849 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
3. Pedro Antonio Gómez Masías
4. María del Carmen Gómez Masías (baptized 1794 in Barichara)

~ Miguel Gómez Wandurraga (probably the son of Pablo Gómez Romano de la Parra and Rafaela Wandurraga) married Josefa Vargas y Rueda (died 1790 in Barichara). It's possible that this is María Josefa Encarnación Vargas y Rueda (baptized 1763 in San Gil), the daughter of Antonio de Vargas Sarmiento and Josefa Rueda, and the paternal granddaughter of the Spaniard Francisco de Vargas y Hinestrosa (born 1698) and the sangileña Cecilia Sarmiento y Gómez de Orozco. In turn, Francisco de Vargas y Hinestrosa was supposedly descended from Diego Pérez de Vargas, a 13th-century warrior who crushed so many Moorish skulls during one battle that he and his progeny adopted the last name "Vargas Machuca" (Vargas Crushes). The children of Miguel and Josefa included:
1. Joaquina Gómez y Vargas, whose family continues below.
2. Luis José Gómez y Vargas (baptized 1780 in Barichara)

3. José Fernán Gómez y Vargas (baptized 1788 in San Gil)

~ Carlos José de la Prada y Rueda (died 1818 in Zapatoca) and María Josefa de Rueda Berbeo were first cousins once removed who married on July 13, 1785 in Zapatoca, and their 18 children included:
1. Marcos Luciano Prada Rueda (baptized 1786 in Zapatoca)
2. Ignacio Vicente Prada Rueda (baptized 1788 in Zapatoca)
3. María Concepción Prada Rueda (baptized 1789 in Zapatoca)
4. Andrés José Prada Rueda (born and baptized June 3, 1793 in Zapatoca; buried June 16, 1860 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.

5. María de los Reyes Prada Rueda (baptized 1806 in Zapatoca), a twin

6. Juana de los Reyes Prada Rueda (baptized 1806 in Zapatoca), a twin

~ Andrés José de Rueda Berbeo (born 1773 in Zapatoca; died 1849 in Zapatoca) and his relative María Josefa Gómez Díaz (died 1816 in Zapatoca) married on October 11, 1796 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. Pia Rueda Gómez (buried August 26, 1846 in Zapatoca), whose family continues below.
2. María Antonia Ceferina Rueda Gómez (baptized 1811 in Zapatoca)
3. José Luciano Rueda Gómez (baptized 1814 in Zapatoca)

~ Andrés Rueda Berbeo then remarried on August 11, 1827 to his relative María Pastora Ortíz in Zapatoca, and their children included: 

1. Juana Ignacia Calista Rueda Ortíz (baptized 1835 in Zapatoca)

2. Juana Paula Rueda Ortíz (baptized 1840 in Zapatoca)

Tenth Generation
~ Juan de la Cruz Rueda Quijano (born 1791 in Zapatoca; possibly died 1840 in Zapatoca) and Antonina León Rueda (born 1790 in Zapatoca; died 1859 in Zapatoca) were cousins who married on March 5, 1810 in Zapatoca. In her last testament, Antonina León said that her husband Juan de la Cruz Rueda "died in a state of great poverty, and only left [as inheritance] a small clearing in the site of Ranchoviejo" (now Betulia, Santander, Colombia), which was originally part of Antonina's dowry. Juan de la Cruz Rueda and Antonina León had nine children: 
1. Francisco de Paula Rueda León (baptized 1810 in Zapatoca)
2. Juana Victoria Rueda León (baptized 1814 in Zapatoca)
3. María Felipa Rueda León (baptized 1817 in Zapatoca)
4. Ana Joaquina Ramona Rueda León (baptized 1819 in Zapatoca; died 1900 in Zapatoca)
5. María Rita Rueda León (baptized 1822 in Zapatoca)
6. Ruperto (or Roberto) Rueda León (born c.1823; buried August 9, 1893 in Galán), whose family continues below.
7. Juan Noberto Rueda León (born 1824 in Zapatoca)
8. Juana María del Carmen Rueda León (baptized 1827 in Zapatoca)
9. Luis Fernando Rueda León (born 1829 in Zapatoca)

10. Vicenta Rueda León (died 1854 in Zapatoca)

~ Juan Antonio Pérez Gómez (born 1797 in Zapatoca; died 1867 in Zapatoca) and Isidora Díaz Serrano (baptized 1806 in Zapatoca; died before her husband) were third cousins who married on July 12, 1826 in Zapatoca. Their children included:
1. María Cayetana de los Dolores Pérez Díaz (born August 7, 1827 in Zapatoca; baptized August 8, 1827 in Zapatoca; died July 18, 1889 in Galán; buried July 19, 1889 in Galán), whose family continues below.
2. Ana María Natalia del Carmen Pérez Díaz (born 1830 in Zapatoca)
3. Nepomucena Rafaela Pérez Díaz (born 1831 in Zapatoca)
4. Ramón Trinidad Pérez Díaz (born 1835 in Zapatoca)
5. Domitila Damiana Pérez Díaz (born 1838 in Zapatoca)
6. José Bernardo Ramón Pérez Díaz (born 1840 in Zapatoca)
7. Claudia Joaquina Pérez Díaz (born 1841 in Zapatoca; died 1918 in Galán)

8. Carlos Gregorio Pérez Díaz (born 1843 in Zapatoca)
9. Nicanor Gumercindo Pérez Díaz (born 1846 in Zapatoca)

~ Ramón Rueda Gómez (born 1799 in Zapatoca; died 1871 in La Robada [Galán]) and Isabel Rueda Prada (born 1798 in Zapatoca; died 1880 in La Robada [Galán]) were cousins who married in December 1820 in Zapatoca and their children included:
1. María Rita de los Dolores Rueda Rueda (born 1821 in Zapatoca)
2. Juana Joaquina Rueda Rueda (born 1823 in Zapatoca; died 1901 in Galán), who is probably the "Ana Joaquina Rueda" who married her younger cousin Domingo Rueda (born 1841), seen below. 
3. José María Rueda Rueda (born September 8, 1825 in Zapatoca; baptized September 11, 1825 in Zapatoca; buried September 9, 1902 in Galán), who married his cousin Andrea Rueda Rueda, seen below, in 1857 in Galán, and whose family continues below.
4. Custodio Rueda Rueda (born 1828 in Zapatoca; died 1905 in Galán), who married his second cousin Leocadia Rueda in 1854 in Galán.
5. María Victoria de la Circuncisión Rueda Rueda (born December 29, 1832; baptized January 1, 1833 in Zapatoca), whose unfortunate name came from her being baptized on the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ.
6. Cayetano María Rueda Rueda (born 1835 in Zapatoca)
7. María Eleuteria de Jesús Rueda Rueda (born 1837 in Zapatoca)

8. Juan Agustín Rueda Rueda (born c.1838; died 1913 in Galán), who married his cousin Indalecia Macías Rueda.
9. Gregorio María Rueda Rueda (born 1839 in Zapatoca; died 1919 in Galán), who married his cousin Praxedis Rueda Rueda, seen below.  

10. Juana Bautista Rueda Rueda (baptized 1845 in Galán)

~ Melchor Rueda Acevedo (born 1802; died January 9, 1879 in La Robada [Galán]) first married Gertrudis Rueda Rueda (died 1840s), his first cousin once removed, on January 25, 1826 in Barichara, and their children included (order uncertain):
1. Luciano Modesto Rueda Rueda (baptized 1827 in Barichara; died 1892 in Galán), who married his first cousin Encarnación Rueda, seen below, in 1850 in Galán.
2. Sinforosa Rueda Rueda (born 1829; died 1894 in Galán), who married her cousin Pablo Macías Acevedo in 1848 in Galán.
3. Dolores Rueda Rueda (born c.1831; died 1911 in Galán), who married her first cousin Rudecindo Rueda Torres in 1849 in Galán.
4. Zoila Carlota Felipa Rueda Rueda (baptized 1832 in Galán), who is probably "María Carlota" who married her cousin Ciriano Macías Acevedo in 1848 in Galán.
5. Merarda Rueda Rueda (born c.1835; died 1905 in Galán), who married her third cousin Julián Rueda Ortíz (c.1826-1880).
6. Andrea Rueda Rueda (born c.1838; buried July 31, 1903 in Galán), who married her cousin José María Rueda Rueda, seen above, in 1857 in Galán, and whose family continues below.
7. María del Rosario Rueda (baptized 1838 in Galán; died 1912 in Galán), who married her first cousin Ramón Rueda, seen below, in 1857 in Galán, and then after Ramón's death married her cousin Dámaso Vecino in 1873.

8. Domingo Rueda Rueda (born 1841), who married his older cousin Ana Joaquina Rueda Rueda (1823-1901), seen above, in 1859 in Galán.
9. Praxedis Rueda Rueda, who married her cousin Gregorio Rueda Rueda, seen above. 

~ Melchor Rueda, after the death of Gertrudis Rueda, married a second time to Concepción Camargo, and their children included:
1. María Zoila Rueda Camargo (born 1844), who married Buenaventura Guarín.
2. Juan Mariano Rueda Camargo (baptized 1846 in Galán; died 1846 in Galán)
3. María Fernanda Rueda Camargo (born 1850), who married her first cousin José Rueda Torres, seen below. 
4. María Patrocinia Rueda Camargo
5. Benito Rueda Camargo, who married Carolina Acevedo.
6. María Trinidad Rueda Camargo
7. Josefito [José Eustaquio] Rueda Camargo (baptized 1860 in Galán)
8. José Miguel Rueda Camargo, who first married Inocencia León and then married Dolores Rueda, his first cousin once removed, in 1907 in Galán.
9. Ramón Rueda Camargo

~ Vicente Rueda Acevedo married Paula Torres and their children included:
1. Rudecindo Rueda Torres (born c.1832; died 1902 in Galán), who married his first cousin, Dolores Rueda Rueda, in 1849 in Galán.
2. Encarnación Rueda Torres (born c.1831; died 1901 in Galán), who married her first cousin Modesto Rueda Rueda, seen above, in 1850 in Galán.
3. Ramón Rueda Torres, who married his first cousin María del Rosario Rueda de Rueda, seen above, in 1857 in Galán.
4. María Eravis Rueda Torres
5. María Serapia Rueda Torres (born c.1846; died 1906 in Galán)
6. María Eloy Rueda Torres
7. José Rueda Torres, who married his first cousin Fernanda Rueda Camargo, seen above.
8. Eduvigis Rueda de Rueda
9. Daniel Rueda Torres, who married his first cousin once removed, Engracia Macías Rueda.

~ Pedro Antonio Rueda Acevedo (baptized April 8, 1787 in Barichara; buried April 3, 1863 in Guane), and Rosaura Díaz Gómez (buried May 11, 1847 in Barichara), who were second cousins on the Gómez Romano side, married on June 19, 1811 in Barichara and their children included:
1. Pedro León Rueda Díaz (baptized 1812 in Barichara; died 1855 in Barichara)
2. Pedro Marcelino Rueda Díaz (baptized 1814 in Barichara)
3. Domingo Antonio Rueda Díaz (baptized October 2, 1816 in Barichara; buried October 2, 1886 in San Gil), whose family continues below.
4. María Antonia Purificación Rueda Díaz (baptized 1819 in Barichara)
5. Feliciana Rueda Díaz (baptized 1821 in Barichara)
6. José Camilo Anacleto Rueda Díaz (baptized 1824 in Barichara)
7. Benito José Rueda Díaz (baptized 1827 in Barichara; died 1829 in Barichara)
8. José Ignacio Vicente Gamaliel Rueda Díaz (baptized 1829 in Barichara)
9. Anselmo Fidel Rueda Díaz (baptized 1831 in Barichara)

10. Paula Rueda Díaz 
11. Gorgonio Rueda Díaz (died 1836 in Barichara)
12. Ildefonso Rueda Díaz (baptized 1836 in Barichara)
13. Juan Esteban Rueda Díaz (baptized 1840 in Barichara; died 1916 in Barichara)

~ Juan Francisco Gómez Masías (born May 4, 1781 in Barichara; baptized May 9, 1781 in Barichara; buried March 8, 1849 in Barichara) married Joaquina Gómez Vargas and their children included:
1. Luis Fernando Gómez Gómez (baptized 1804 in Barichara)
2. María Valentina Gómez Gómez de Rueda (baptized 1806 in Barichara)

3. Concepción(?) Gómez Gómez

4. Pedro Antonio Gómez Gómez (born and baptized 1811 in Barichara)

5. Fermina Gómez Gómez (born c.1819; died 1869 in Barichara)
6. María Petronila Gómez Gómez de Rueda (baptized November 7, 1819 in Barichara; buried July 10, 1886 in San Gil), whose family continues below.

7. José María Gómez Gómez
8. Juan Isidro Gómez Gómez (baptized 1824 in Barichara)
9. María Clotilde Gómez Gómez (baptized 1826 in Barichara)
10. Dorotea Gómez Gómez de Rueda (baptized 1828 in Barichara; died 1853 in Barichara)

~ Andrés José Prada Rueda (born June 3, 1793 in Zapatoca; died 1860 in Zapatoca) and Pia Rueda Gómez (died 1846 in Zapatoca) were first cousins who married on January 22, 1817 in Zapatoca. Their children included:

1. Juan de la Cruz José Prada Rueda (born 1817 in Zapatoca)
2. José María Calixto Prada Rueda (born 1819 in Zapatoca)
3. María Isabel Prada Rueda (born 1821 in Zapatoca), who died before 1875.

4. Zacarias Prada Rueda (died 1878 in Zapatoca)
5. José Pio Prada Rueda (born 1824 in Zapatoca)
6. María del Socorro Prada Rueda (born 1826 in Zapatoca), who died before 1875.
7. María Florentina Prada Rueda (born March 13, 1829 in Zapatoca; baptized March 14, 1829 in Zapatoca; buried January 17, 1896 in Barichara), whose family continues below.

8. Doctor Diego Prada, (born c.1831; died 1875 in Gachancipá, Cundinamarca), who was a priest.
9. María Josefa Prada Rueda (born 1834 in Zapatoca), who died before 1875.
10. Ana Joaquina Narcisa Prada Rueda (born 1836 in Zapatoca), who died before 1875.
11. María Marcelina Prada Rueda (born 1839 in Zapatoca)

Eleventh Generation
~ Ruperto Rueda León (born c.1823; died 1893 in Galán) and Dolores Pérez Díaz (born August 7, 1827 in Zapatoca; died July 18, 1889 in Galán) were third cousins who married on November 18, 1846 in Zapatoca. Their children included:
1. Eufemiano Victorino Rueda Pérez (born September 6, 1847 in Zapatoca; baptized September 8, 1847 in Zapatoca; buried May 27, 1903 in Galán), whose family continues below.
2. José Evangelista Rueda Pérez (baptized 1848 in Zapatoca)
3. Pedro Pablo Judiel Rueda Pérez (baptized 1850 in Zapatoca), who married Serapia Rueda Rueda, seen below, on January 9, 1889 in Galán.
4. María Resurreción Rueda Pérez (baptized 1852 in Zapatoca)
5. María Antonia Leonildes Rueda Pérez (baptized 1853 in Zapatoca)
6. Bárbara Rosenda Rueda Pérez (baptized 1855 in Zapatoca)
7. Eleuterio José Salomón Rueda Pérez (baptized 1857 in Zapatoca)
8. Adelaida Nicamora Rueda Pérez (baptized 1859 in Zapatoca)
9. Enrique Basilio Rueda Pérez (baptized 1860 in Zapatoca)
10. Eusebio Ismael Rueda Pérez (baptized 1862 in Zapatoca; died 1910 in San Gil)
11. María Camila Encarnación Rueda Pérez (baptized 1864 in Zapatoca; died 1921 in Guadalupe, Santander, Colombia), who married Claudio Rueda Rueda, seen below.
12. Adolfo Rueda Pérez (born 1866 in Galán)
13. Emiliana de Jesús Rueda Pérez (born 1869 in Galán)
14. A. Santiago Rueda Pérez (born 1871 in Galán)
15. María Antonia Mercedes de la Paz Rueda Pérez (baptized 1874 in Galán)

~ José María Rueda Rueda (born September 8, 1825 in Zapatoca; died 1902 in Galán) and Andrea Rueda Rueda (born c.1838; died 1903 in Galán), who were related, married in 1857 in Galán and their children included:
1. José Valerio Rueda Rueda (baptized 1858 in Galán), who married his first cousin Cristina Rueda in 1896 in Galán.
2. Antonino Rueda Rueda (baptized 1859 in Galán)
3. Calixto María Eduardo Rueda Rueda (born 1862 in Galán; died 1864 in Galán)

4. Claudio Rueda Rueda (born c.1863; died 1933 in Guadalupe), who married Camila Rueda Pérez, seen above.
5. Serapia Rueda Rueda (born 1866 in Galán; died 1913 in Galán), who married Pedro Rueda Pérez, seen above, on January 9, 1889 in Galán.

6. Pedro José de la Cruz Rueda Rueda (born 1868 in Galán), who married his first cousin Dolores Rueda in 1892 in Galán.
7. Indalecio Rueda Rueda
8. María Consolación Rosalía Rueda Rueda (born September 3, 1870 in Galán; baptized September 4, 1870 in Galán; died 1949 in San Gil; buried on September 27, 1949 in Galán), whose family continues below.
9. Juan Ramón Rueda Rueda (baptized 1874 in Galán)
10. Sinforiano Rueda Rueda (baptized 1876 in Galán), who married Rosa María Rueda, his first cousin once removed, in 1905 in Galán.
11. Cenón Rueda Rueda (baptized 1878 in Galán), who married Concepción Rueda Macías, his first cousin once removed, in 1904 in Galán.

~ Domingo Rueda Díaz (baptized October 2, 1816 in Barichara; died 1886 in San Gil) and Petronila Gómez Gómez (baptized November 7, 1819 in Barichara; died 1886 in San Gil), who were double third cousins, married on January 9, 1839 in Barichara and they had 10 children:
1. José de la Asunción Rueda Gómez (baptized 1840 in Barichara; died 1840 in Barichara)
2. Vicente Rueda Gómez (born October 25, 1841 in Barichara; baptized October 27, 1841 in Barichara; buried September 24, 1922 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
3. Isabel Rueda Gómez (baptized 1843 in Barichara)
4. Andrés Rueda Gómez (baptized 1845 in Barichara; died 1862 in Barichara)
5. Juana Matilde Rueda Gómez (baptized 1847 in Barichara; died 1881 in San Gil)
6. Fermina Rueda Gómez (baptized 1849 in Barichara; died 1908 in San Gil)
7. Gil Rueda Gómez (born c.1851; died 1898 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
8. Ricarda Rueda Gómez (died 1935 in San Gil)
9. Rosalía Rueda Gómez 
10. Lucrecia Rueda Gómez (born and baptized 1858 in Barichara)

~ Florentina Prada Rueda (born March 13, 1829 in Zapatoca; died 1896 in Barichara), an unmarried woman, had at least three children:
1. Mónica Prada (born c.1854; died July 16, 1929 in Barichara of the flu), whose family continues below.
2. Bruno Antonio Prada (born Oct. 7, 1858; baptized Oct. 28, 1858 in Zapatoca; died 1938 in Barichara), whose family continues below.
3. José Ambrosio Prada (born 1861 in Zapatoca; died 1923 in Barichara), whose family continues below.


Twelfth Generation
~ Eufemiano Rueda Pérez (born September 6, 1847 in Zapatoca; died 1903 in Galán) and Consolación Rueda Rueda (born September 3, 1870 in Galán; died 1949 in San Gil) married on January 9, 1889 in Galán and their children included:
1. Rito Antonio Rueda Rueda (born May 9, 1890 in Galán; baptized June 2, 1890 in Galán; died 1959), whose family continues below.
2. Luis Rodulfo Rueda Rueda (baptized 1891 in Galán)
3. Dolores Rueda de Gómez (baptized 1893 in Galán)
4. Rafael Rueda Rueda (baptized 1894 in Galán), who died in childhood.
5. José Ruperto Rueda Rueda (baptized 1896 in Galán)
6. Rafael Rueda Rueda (baptized 1898 in Galán), whose family continues below.
7. Amalia Rueda Rueda (baptized 1901 in Galán)
8. Ana Feliza "Elisa" Rueda de Barajas (baptized 1903 in Galán)

~ Vicente Rueda Gómez (born October 25, 1841 in Barichara; died 1922 in Barichara) and Mónica Prada (born c.1854; died July 16, 1929 in Barichara) married on April 20, 1870 in Barichara and their children included:
1. Dimás Agustín Rueda Prada (baptized 1871 in Barichara)
2. María Mercedes Rueda Prada (baptized 1872 in Barichara; died 1879 in Barichara)
3. Ana Rosa Rueda Prada (baptized 1879 in Barichara)
4. Pedro Vicente Rueda Prada (baptized 1882 in Barichara)
5. Romelia Rueda Prada (born September 21/22, 1887 in Barichara; baptized January 7, 1888 at age 3 months and 16 days in Barichara; buried Janaury 7, 1959 in Bogotá), whose family continues below.

6. Elvira Rueda Prada (born c.1895; died 1942 in Barichara), who married her first cousin Juan Vicente Prada Afanador, seen below, in 1914 in Barichara.

~ Gil Rueda Gómez (born c.1851; died 1898 in Barichara) married Ester Gómez (born 1857; buried July 26, 1890 in Barichara) and their children included:
1. Pedro Antonio Rueda Gómez (baptized 1874 in Barichara)
2. Ana Dolores Rueda Gómez (baptized 1875 in Barichara)
3. Pedro Guillermo Rueda Gómez (baptized 1876 in Barichara)
4. Helvia Rueda Gómez (born c.1881), whose family continues below.

5. Ernestina Rueda Gómez (born 1884 in Barichara; died 1980 in Bogotá), who married Ernesto Villalba. 

~ Gil Rueda then married Filomena Peñuela (born c.1867) in 1891 in Barichara and their children included:
6. María Mercedes Rueda Peñuela (baptized 1892 in Barichara)

The gravestone of Ester Gómez de Rueda in the Barichara cemetery.

~ Antonio Prada (born c.1858; died 1938 in Barichara), who ran a grocery store and sold liquor, married Amalia Noriega Díaz in 1909 in Barichara. Their children included: 
1. Ana María Prada Noriega (born 1911 in Barichara)
2. Ana Belén Prada Noriega (born 1913 in Barichara), who married Bernardo Robledo in 1973 in Bogotá. 
3. Amelia Prada Noriega (born 1915, baptized 1916 in Barichara)
4. Domingo Antonio Prada Noriega, O.P. (born 1918 in Barichara; died 1966 in Bogotá), who was a Dominican friar. 

~ Ambrosio Prada (born 1861 in Zapatoca; died 1923 in Barichara) was a coffee and sugar trader who died of a "bad liver." He married Bertina Afanador Vesga (c.1866-1926) and their children included:
1. Marco Aurelio Prada Afanador (born 1886 in Barichara), who married Ana María Castillo in 1914 in Barichara. 
2. Ciro Antonio Prada Afanador (born 1887, baptized 1888 in Barichara)
3. Evangelina Prada Afanador (born 1888, baptized 1889 in Barichara)
4. Ana María Prada Afanador (born 1890 in Barichara; died 1904 in Barichara)
5. Timoleón Prada Afanador (born 1891 in Barichara)
6. Juan Vicente Prada Afanador (born 1893 in Barichara), who married his first cousin Elvira Rueda Prada, seen above, in 1914 in Barichara. They had at least a son, Roberto Prada Rueda, O.P. (born 1914 in Barichara), who was a Dominican friar, writer, and historian.
7. María del Carmen Prada Afanador (born 1894 in Barichara; died 1895 in Barichara)
8. María del Carmen Prada Afanador (born 1898 in Barichara)
9. Francisco Prada Afanador (born 1899 in Barichara)
10. Juan Francisco Prada Afanador (born 1900 in Barichara)
11. Clementina Prada Afanador (born 1902 in Barichara), who married Ladislao Ortíz Silva in 1927 in Barichara. 
12. Luis José Prada Afanador (born 1903 in Barichara), who married Joaquina Ballesteros in 1955 in Barichara. 


Thirteenth Generation
~ Rito Antonio Rueda Rueda (born May 9, 1890 in Galán; died 1959) and Romelia Rueda Prada (born September 21/22, 1887 in Barichara; buried January 7, 1959) married on Jan. 30, 1920 in Barichara. 
Rito was a Conservative lawyer, a professor at Colegio Guanentá and Javeriana University, and the mayor of San Gil in 1926. As mayor, he helped found the Parque Gallineral and the city's indoor market, and entertained President Pedro Nel Ospina and his minister of public works Laureano Gómez, another man from Santander who later became president during the bloodiest years of "La Violencia." Rito and Romelia had three children:
1. José Eduardo Rueda Rueda (born April 19, 1922 in San Gil; baptized June 1, 1922 in San Gil; buried March 21, 1923 in San Gil) was a twin who died at 11 months of age of myelitis and “dentition” (teeth-cutting).
2. Rito Antonio Rueda Rueda (born April 19, 1922 in San Gil; baptized June 1, 1922 in San Gil; died November 2, 1997 in Bogotá)
3. Mary Rueda Rueda (born April 28, 1927 in San Gil; baptized January 19, 1928 in San Gil; died September 15, 1980 in Bogotá)

~ Rafael Rueda Rueda (born 1898 in Galán) first married Margarita Rueda Martínez (died 1938 in Galán) and had five children:
1. Hernando Rueda Rueda
2. Hugo Rueda Rueda
3. Beatríz Rueda Rueda
4. Fanny Rueda Rueda
5. Luis Rueda Rueda
~ After his wife died, Rafael married her sister, Serapia Rueda Martínez, in 1944 in Socorro and had another daughter: 
6. Nubia Rueda Rueda.

~ Helvia Rueda Gómez (born c.1881) and Dr. Calixto Camacho Camacho (born 1862 in Tunja; died 1937 in San Gil) married in 1900 in Barichara. Calixto was the son of second cousins José Manuel Camacho Lozano and Dolores Camacho Pradilla and the 10th-great-grandson of Pedro Alonso Niño (c.1468-1502), who in 1492 piloted the Niña and sailed the Atlantic Ocean alongside Christopher Columbus. Calixto earned a medical degree from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in 1897, and his thesis was on measles. He led a troop from Barichara during the Thousand Days' War, then moved to San Gil in 1912, where he was a general practitioner and soon earned the highest salary in town. He was also an amateur historian and archaeologist. The children of Elvia and Calixto included:
1. Carmen Camacho Rueda (born 1902 in Barichara; died 1991 in Bogotá)

2. Julia Camacho Rueda (born 1903 in Barichara)

3. Dolores Camacho Rueda (born 1904 in Barichara)
4. Ester Camacho Rueda (born 1907 in San Gil)

5. Luis Camacho Rueda (born 1911 in San Gil; died 1991 in Bogotá)
6. Aurelio Camacho Rueda (born 1912 in San Gil; died 1983 in Bogotá)

Fourteenth Generation
~ Rito Antonio Rueda Rueda (born April 19, 1922 in San Gil; died November 2, 1997 in Bogotá) was a lawyer, judge, Conservative politician, journalist, and historian. As the administrator of the Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia in 1955, under the Rojas Pinilla dictatorship, Rito produced the library's first radio broadcast, which aired on the military's station. Here is an interview with Rito about the activities of the Biblioteca Nacional. Rito served as the mayor of San Gil from 1959-1960, during which he wrote the city's anthem, created the city's flag, and founded its "Casa de la Cultura." In 1968, Rito published "Presencia de un pueblo" (Presence of a People), his book about the history, culture, and notable residents of San Gil, featuring a prologue by Laureano Gómez, the infamous Conservative president who served during La Violencia. Rito ran for senator of Santander in 1970 as the ANAPO Party candidate and lost. He spent his later years in Bogotá. 

Rito married Eugenia Vásquez Lara (1916-1998) on July 19, 1952 in the Iglesia de la Sagrada Pasión in Bogotá [read more about the Vásquez and Lara families] and they had two sons. One son was a Vietnam War veteran and the other was a Persian Gulf War veteran. Separated, Rito then had another daughter.

"Presencia de un pueblo" (Presence of a People), by my grandfather Rito Rueda Rueda, published 1968.

~ Mary Rueda Rueda (born April 28, 1927 in San Gil; died September 15, 1980 in Bogotá) was a poet and photographer who lived for a while in Paris and knew Gabriel García Márquez during his starving years. She married in 1953 Rafael Pachón Grodillo (born 1911 in Ubaté, Colombia), an older landowner, and had no children.

"Acuarela sangileña," Mary Rueda Rueda's acclaimed poem about San Gil and the Río Fonce and Río Suárez, republished in "Presencia de un pueblo."

~ Carmen Camacho Rueda (born 1902 in Barichara; died 1991 in Bogotá) married Campo Elías Franco (born in Oiba; died 1950), an odontologist and the son of Cayetano Franco Pinzón and Eduarda Gómez, in 1919 in San Gil, and had six children:
1. Elena [Edelmira] Franco de Roncallo (born 1922 in San Gil)
2. Hugo Franco Camacho (born 1925 in San Gil)
3. Luz Franco Camacho, who married Juan Arciniegas Castilla and whose son married the journalist María Isabel Rueda Serbousek (the granddaughter of Dr. Maximiliano Rueda Galvis, Colombia's first psychiatrist).

4. Augusto Franco Camacho (born 1929 in San Gil)
5. Guillermo Franco Camacho (born 1936 in San Gil)
6. María Consuelo Franco de Suárez (born 1939 in San Gil)

~ Dolores Camacho Rueda (born 1904 in Barichara) married Álvaro López Posada and had a daughter, Sor María Ester López Camacho, who was a nun.

~ Ester Camacho Rueda (born 1907 in San Gil; died 1973 in San Gil) married Ciro Antonio Plata Plata in 1932 in San Gil, and had four children:
1. Rosario Plata Camacho, who married Jaime Arenas Buenahora.
2. Helvia Plata Camacho, who married Saúl Ordóñez Reyes and had four children and many grandchildren.
3. Eduardo Plata Camacho, who married Helena Gómez

4. Juan Manuel Plata Camacho

~ Luis Camacho Rueda (born 1911 in San Gil; died 1991 in San Gil) was the Governor of Santander from 1945-1946, and in 1968 became the first Liberal mayor of San Gil in over two decades. There is now a technical college in San Gil named after him. He married María Márquez Forero (died 1978 in San Gil) and had three children: José Manuel, María Victoria, and Luis Camacho Márquez.

~ Aurelio Camacho Rueda (born 1912 in San Gil; died 1983 in Bogotá) was the Minister of Public Works (1958-1959) and Minister of the Treasury (1961) for President Alberto Lleras Camargo and Minister of the Interior and Justice (1963-1964) for President Guillermo León Valencia. He also presided over the Colombian Supreme Court from 1975-1976. Aurelio married María Teresa Acevedo in 1935 in Tunja and they had two sons, Juan José and Fernando Camacho Acevedo.

Questions? Comments? Please email me at ruedafingerhut [at] gmail.com